summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/doc/afb-plugin-writing.html
blob: 6c866fb6033b0f7ffb81b9cfa50392aa482e9d0d (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
  <meta charset="utf-8">
  <meta name="generator" content="pandoc">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes">
  <meta name="author" content="José Bollo">
  <meta name="author" content="Fulup Ar Foll">
  <title>HOWTO WRITE a PLUGIN for AFB-DAEMON</title>
  <style type="text/css">code{white-space: pre;}</style>
  <!--[if lt IE 9]>
    <script src="http://html5shim.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js"></script>
  <![endif]-->
  <style type="text/css">
table.sourceCode, tr.sourceCode, td.lineNumbers, td.sourceCode {
  margin: 0; padding: 0; vertical-align: baseline; border: none; }
table.sourceCode { width: 100%; line-height: 100%; }
td.lineNumbers { text-align: right; padding-right: 4px; padding-left: 4px; color: #aaaaaa; border-right: 1px solid #aaaaaa; }
td.sourceCode { padding-left: 5px; }
code > span.kw { color: #007020; font-weight: bold; }
code > span.dt { color: #902000; }
code > span.dv { color: #40a070; }
code > span.bn { color: #40a070; }
code > span.fl { color: #40a070; }
code > span.ch { color: #4070a0; }
code > span.st { color: #4070a0; }
code > span.co { color: #60a0b0; font-style: italic; }
code > span.ot { color: #007020; }
code > span.al { color: #ff0000; font-weight: bold; }
code > span.fu { color: #06287e; }
code > span.er { color: #ff0000; font-weight: bold; }
  </style>
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="doc.css">
</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1 class="title">HOWTO WRITE a PLUGIN for AFB-DAEMON</h1>
<h2 class="author">José Bollo</h2>
<h2 class="author">Fulup Ar Foll</h2>
<h3 class="date">09 juin 2016</h3>
</header>
<nav id="TOC">
<ul>
<li><a href="#howto-write-a-plugin-for-afb-daemon">HOWTO WRITE a PLUGIN for AFB-DAEMON</a><ul>
<li><a href="#summary">Summary</a><ul>
<li><a href="#nature-of-a-plugin">Nature of a plugin</a></li>
<li><a href="#class-of-plugins">Class of plugins</a></li>
<li><a href="#live-cycle-of-plugins-within-afb-daemon">Live cycle of plugins within afb-daemon</a></li>
<li><a href="#plugin-contend">Plugin Contend</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#the-tic-tac-toe-example">The Tic-Tac-Toe example</a></li>
<li><a href="#dependencies-when-compiling">Dependencies when compiling</a></li>
<li><a href="#header-files-to-include">Header files to include</a></li>
<li><a href="#choosing-names">Choosing names</a><ul>
<li><a href="#names-for-api-plugin">Names for API (plugin)</a></li>
<li><a href="#names-for-methods">Names for methods</a></li>
<li><a href="#names-for-arguments">Names for arguments</a></li>
<li><a href="#forging-names-widely-available">Forging names widely available</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#writing-a-synchronous-method-implementation">Writing a synchronous method implementation</a><ul>
<li><a href="#the-incoming-request">The incoming request</a></li>
<li><a href="#associating-a-client-context-to-a-session">Associating a client context to a session</a></li>
<li><a href="#sending-reply-to-a-request">Sending reply to a request</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#getting-argument-of-invocation">Getting argument of invocation</a><ul>
<li><a href="#basic-functions-for-querying-arguments">Basic functions for querying arguments</a></li>
<li><a href="#arguments-for-received-files">Arguments for received files</a></li>
<li><a href="#arguments-as-a-json-object">Arguments as a JSON object</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#initialisation-of-the-plugin-and-declaration-of-methods">Initialisation of the plugin and declaration of methods</a></li>
<li><a href="#sending-messages-to-the-log-system">Sending messages to the log system</a><ul>
<li><a href="#verbs-for-logging-messages">Verbs for logging messages</a></li>
<li><a href="#managing-verbosity">Managing verbosity</a></li>
<li><a href="#output-format-and-destination">Output format and destination</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#sending-events">Sending events</a></li>
<li><a href="#writing-an-asynchronous-method-implementation">Writing an asynchronous method implementation</a></li>
<li><a href="#how-to-build-a-plugin">How to build a plugin</a><ul>
<li><a href="#example-for-cmake-meta-build-system">Example for cmake meta build system</a></li>
<li><a href="#exporting-the-function-pluginafbv1register">Exporting the function pluginAfbV1Register</a></li>
<li><a href="#building-within-yocto">Building within yocto</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</nav>
<h1 id="howto-write-a-plugin-for-afb-daemon">HOWTO WRITE a PLUGIN for AFB-DAEMON</h1>
<pre><code>version: 1
Date:    09 juin 2016
Author:  José Bollo</code></pre>
<h2 id="summary">Summary</h2>
<p>Afb-daemon binders serve files through HTTP protocol and offers to developers the capability to expose application API methods through HTTP or WebSocket protocol.</p>
<p>Binder plugins are used to add API to afb-daemon. This part describes how to write a plugin for afb-daemon.</p>
<p>Excepting this summary, this document target developers.</p>
<p>Before moving further through an example, here after a short overview of binder plugins fundamentals.</p>
<h3 id="nature-of-a-plugin">Nature of a plugin</h3>
<p>A plugin is an independent piece of software. A plugin is self contain and exposes application logic as sharable library. A plugin is intended to be dynamically loaded by afb-daemon to expose application API.</p>
<p>Technically, a binder plugin does not reference and is not linked with any afb-daemon library.</p>
<h3 id="class-of-plugins">Class of plugins</h3>
<p>Application binder supports two kinds of plugins: application plugins and service plugins. Technically both class of plugin are equivalent are use the same coding convention. Only sharing mode and security context diverge.</p>
<h4 id="application-plugins">Application-plugins</h4>
<p>Application-plugins implements the glue in between application's UI and services. Every AGL application has a corresponding binder that typically activates one or many plugins to interface the application logic with lower platform services. When an application is started by the AGL application framework, a dedicate binder is started that loads/activates application plugin(s). API expose by application-plugin are executed within corresponding application security context.</p>
<p>Application plugins generally handle a unique context for a unique client. As the application framework start a dedicated instance of afb_daemon for each AGL application, if a given plugin is used within multiple application each of those application get a new and private instance of eventually &quot;shared&quot; plugin.</p>
<h4 id="service-plugins">Service-plugins</h4>
<p>Service-plugins enable API activation within corresponding service security context and not within calling application context. Service-plugins are intended to run as a unique instance. Service-plugins can be shared in between multiple clients.</p>
<p>Service-plugins can either be stateless or manage client context. When managing context each client get a private context.</p>
<p>Sharing may either be global to the platform (ie: GPS service) or dedicated to a given user (ie: user preferences)</p>
<h3 id="live-cycle-of-plugins-within-afb-daemon">Live cycle of plugins within afb-daemon</h3>
<p>Application and service plugins are loaded and activated each time a new afb-daemon is started.</p>
<p>At launch time, every loaded plugin initialise itself. If a single plugin initialisation fail corresponding instance of afb-daemon self aborts.</p>
<p>Conversely, when a plugin initialisation succeeds, it should register its unique name as well as the list of verbs attached to the methods it exposes.</p>
<p>When initialised, on request from application clients to the right API/verb, plugin methods are activated by the afb-daemon attached to the application or service.</p>
<p>At exit time, no special action is enforced by afb-daemon. When a specific actions is required at afb-daemon stop, developers should use 'atexit/on_exit' during plugin initialisation sequence to register a custom exit function.</p>
<h3 id="plugin-contend">Plugin Contend</h3>
<p>Afb-daemon's plugin register two classes of objects: names and functions.</p>
<p>Plugins declare categories of names: - A unique plugin name to access all API expose by this plugin, - One name for each methods/verbs provided by this plugin.</p>
<p>Plugins declare two categories of functions: - function use for the initialisation - functions implementing exposed API methods</p>
<p>Afb-daemon parses URI requests to extract the API(plugin name) and the VERB(method to activate). As an example, URI <strong>foo/bar</strong> translates to plugin named <strong>foo</strong> and method named <strong>bar</strong>. To serve such a request, afb-daemon looks for an active plugin named <strong>foo</strong> and then within this plugin for a method named <strong>bar</strong>. When find afb-daemon calls corresponding method with attached parameter if any.</p>
<p>Afb-daemon ignores letter case when parsing URI. Thus <strong>TicTacToe/Board</strong> and <strong>tictactoe/board</strong> are equivalent.</p>
<h4 id="the-name-of-the-plugin">The name of the plugin</h4>
<p>The name of a given plugin is also known as the name of the API prefix that defines the plugin.</p>
<p>The name of a plugin SHOULD be unique within a given afb-daemon instance.</p>
<p>For example, when a client of afb-daemon calls a URI named <strong>foo/bar</strong>. Afb-daemon extracts the prefix <strong>foo</strong> and the suffix <strong>bar</strong>. <strong>foo</strong> must match a plugin name and <strong>bar</strong> a VERB attached to some method.</p>
<h4 id="names-of-methods">Names of methods</h4>
<p>Each plugin exposes a set of methods that can be called by the clients of a given afb-daemon.</p>
<p>VERB's name attached to a given plugin (API) MUST be unique within a plugin.</p>
<p>Plugins static declaration link VERBS to corresponding methods. When clients emit requests on a given API/VERB corresponding method is called by afb-daemon.</p>
<h4 id="initialisation-function">Initialisation function</h4>
<p>Plugin's initialisation function serves several purposes.</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><p>It allows afb-daemon to control plugin version depending on initialisation function name. As today, the only supported initialisation function is <strong>pluginAfbV1Register</strong>. This identifies version &quot;one&quot; of plugins.</p></li>
<li><p>It allows plugins to initialise itself.</p></li>
<li><p>It enables names declarations: descriptions, requirements and implementations of exposed API/VERB.</p></li>
</ol>
<h4 id="functions-instantiation-of-apiverbs">Functions instantiation of API/VERBs</h4>
<p>When an API/VERB is called, afb-daemon constructs a request object. Then it passes this request object to the implementation function corresponding to requested method, this within attached API plugin.</p>
<p>An implementation function receives a request object that is used to: get arguments of the request, send answer, store session data.</p>
<p>A plugin MUST set an answer to every received requests.</p>
<p>Nevertheless it is not mandatory to set the answer before returning from API/VERB implementing function. This behaviour is important for asynchronous actions.</p>
<p>API/VERB implementation that set an answer before returning are called <em>synchronous implementations</em>. Those that do not systematically set an answer before returning are called <em>asynchronous implementations</em>.</p>
<p>Asynchronous implementations typically launch asynchronous actions. They record some context at request time and provide answer to the request only at completion of asynchronous actions.</p>
<h2 id="the-tic-tac-toe-example">The Tic-Tac-Toe example</h2>
<p>This part explains how to write an afb-plugin. For the sake of being practical it uses many examples based on tic-tac-toe. This plugin example is in <em>plugins/samples/tic-tac-toe.c</em>.</p>
<p>This plugin is named <strong><em>tictactoe</em></strong>.</p>
<h2 id="dependencies-when-compiling">Dependencies when compiling</h2>
<p>Afb-daemon provides a configuration file for <em>pkg-config</em>. Typing the command</p>
<pre><code>pkg-config --cflags afb-daemon</code></pre>
<p>Print flags use for compilation:</p>
<pre><code>$ pkg-config --cflags afb-daemon
-I/opt/local/include -I/usr/include/json-c </code></pre>
<p>For linking, you should use</p>
<pre><code>$ pkg-config --libs afb-daemon
-ljson-c</code></pre>
<p>Afb-daemon automatically includes dependency to json-c. This is activated through <strong>Requires</strong> keyword in pkg-config. While almost every plugin replies on <strong>json-c</strong> this is not a must have dependency.</p>
<p>Internally, afb-daemon relies on <strong>libsystemd</strong> for its event loop, as well as for its binding to D-Bus. Plugins developers are encouraged to leverage <strong>libsystemd</strong> when possible. Nevertheless there is no hard dependency to <strong>libsystemd</strong> if ever you rather not use it, feel free to do so.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Afb-daemon plugin are fully self contain. They do not enforce dependency on any libraries from the application framework. Afb-daemon dependencies requirer to run AGL plugins are given at runtime through pointers leveraging read-only memory feature.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="header-files-to-include">Header files to include</h2>
<p>Plugin <em>tictactoe</em> has following includes:</p>
<pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span class="ot">#define _GNU_SOURCE</span>
<span class="ot">#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;</span>
<span class="ot">#include &lt;string.h&gt;</span>
<span class="ot">#include &lt;json-c/json.h&gt;</span>
<span class="ot">#include &lt;afb/afb-plugin.h&gt;</span></code></pre>
<p>Header <em>afb/afb-plugin.h</em> is the only hard dependency, it includes all features that a plugin MUST HAVE. Outside of includes used to support application logic, common external headers used within plugins are:</p>
<ul>
<li><em>json-c/json.h</em>: should be include to handle json objects;</li>
<li><em>systemd/sd-event.h</em>: should be include to access event main loop;</li>
<li><em>systemd/sd-bus.h</em>: should be include for dbus connections.</li>
</ul>
<p>The <em>tictactoe</em> plugin does not leverage systemd features, also only json.h is used on top of mandatory afb/afb-plugin.h.</p>
<p>When including <em>afb/afb-plugin.h</em>, the macro **_GNU_SOURCE** MUST be defined.</p>
<h2 id="choosing-names">Choosing names</h2>
<p>Designers of plugins should define a unique name for every API plugin as well as for methods VERBs. They should also define names for request arguments passed as name/value pair in URI.</p>
<p>While forging names, designers should respect few rules to ensure that created names are valid and easy to use across platforms.</p>
<p>All names and strings are UTF-8 encoded.</p>
<h3 id="names-for-api-plugin">Names for API (plugin)</h3>
<p>Plugin API name are checked. All characters are authorised except:</p>
<ul>
<li>the control characters (000 .. 01f)</li>
<li>the characters of the set { ' ', '&quot;', '#', '%', '&amp;', ''', '/', '?', '`', '7f' }</li>
</ul>
<p>In other words the set of forbidden characters is { 000..020, 022, 023, 025..027, 02f, 03f, 060, 07f }.</p>
<p>Afb-daemon makes no distinction between lower case and upper case when searching for API/VERB.</p>
<h3 id="names-for-methods">Names for methods</h3>
<p>The names of methods VERBs are totally free and not checked.</p>
<p>However, the validity rules for method's VERB name are the same as for Plugin API name except that the dot(.) character is forbidden.</p>
<p>Afb-daemon makes no case distinction when searching for an API by name.</p>
<h3 id="names-for-arguments">Names for arguments</h3>
<p>Argument's name are not restricted and can be everything you wish.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Warning arguments search is case sensitive and &quot;index&quot; and &quot;Index&quot; are not two different arguments.</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="forging-names-widely-available">Forging names widely available</h3>
<p>The key names of javascript object can be almost anything using the arrayed notation:</p>
<pre><code>object[key] = value</code></pre>
<p>Nevertheless this is not the case with javascript dot notation:</p>
<pre><code>object.key = value</code></pre>
<p>Using the dot notation, the key must be a valid javascript identifier and dash(-) as well as few other reserved characters cannot be used.</p>
<p>For this reason, we advise developper to chose name compatible with both javascript and HTML notation.</p>
<p>It is a good practice, even for arguments not to rely on case sensitivity. This may reduce headache strength at debug time, especially with interpreted language like javascript that may not warn you that a variable was not defined.</p>
<h2 id="writing-a-synchronous-method-implementation">Writing a synchronous method implementation</h2>
<p>The method <strong>tictactoe/board</strong> is a synchronous implementation. Here is its listing:</p>
<pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span class="co">/*</span>
<span class="co"> * get the board</span>
<span class="co"> */</span>
<span class="dt">static</span> <span class="dt">void</span> board(<span class="kw">struct</span> afb_req req)
{
    <span class="kw">struct</span> board *board;
    <span class="kw">struct</span> json_object *description;

    <span class="co">/* retrieves the context for the session */</span>
    board = board_of_req(req);
    INFO(afbitf, <span class="st">&quot;method &#39;board&#39; called for boardid %d&quot;</span>, board-&gt;id);

    <span class="co">/* describe the board */</span>
    description = describe(board);

    <span class="co">/* send the board&#39;s description */</span>
    afb_req_success(req, description, NULL);
}</code></pre>
<p>This example shows many aspects of a synchronous method implementation. Let summarise it:</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><p>The function <strong>board_of_req</strong> retrieves the context stored for the plugin: the board.</p></li>
<li><p>The macro <strong>INFO</strong> sends a message of kind <em>INFO</em> to the logging system. The global variable named <strong>afbitf</strong> used represents the interface to afb-daemon.</p></li>
<li><p>The function <strong>describe</strong> creates a json_object representing the board.</p></li>
<li><p>The function <strong>afb_req_success</strong> sends the reply, attaching to it the object <em>description</em>.</p></li>
</ol>
<h3 id="the-incoming-request">The incoming request</h3>
<p>For any implementation, the request is received by a structure of type <strong>struct afb_req</strong>.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Note that this is a PLAIN structure, not a pointer to a structure.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The definition of <strong>struct afb_req</strong> is:</p>
<pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span class="co">/*</span>
<span class="co"> * Describes the request by plugins from afb-daemon</span>
<span class="co"> */</span>
<span class="kw">struct</span> afb_req {
    <span class="dt">const</span> <span class="kw">struct</span> afb_req_itf *itf;  <span class="co">/* the interfacing functions */</span>
    <span class="dt">void</span> *closure;          <span class="co">/* the closure for functions */</span>
};</code></pre>
<p>It contains two pointers: first one <em>itf</em>, points to functions used to handle internal request. Second one <em>closure</em> point onto function closure.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The structure must never be used directly. Instead developer should use the intended functions provided by afb-daemon as described here after.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><em>req</em> is used to get arguments of the request, to send answer, to store session data.</p>
<p>This object and its interface is defined and documented in the file names <em>afb/afb-req-itf.h</em></p>
<p>The above example uses twice <em>req</em> object request.</p>
<p>The first time, to retrieve the board attached to the session of the request.</p>
<p>The second time, to send the reply: an object that describes the current board.</p>
<h3 id="associating-a-client-context-to-a-session">Associating a client context to a session</h3>
<p>When <em>tic-tac-toe</em> plugin receives a request, it musts get the board describing the game associated to the session.</p>
<p>For a plugin, having data associated to a session is common. This data is called &quot;plugin context&quot; for the session. Within <em>tic-tac-toe</em> plugin the context is the board.</p>
<p>Requests <em>afb_req</em> offer four functions for storing and retrieving session associated context.</p>
<p>These functions are:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>afb_req_context_get</strong>: retrieves context data stored for current plugin.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>afb_req_context_set</strong>: store context data of current plugin.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>afb_req_context</strong>: if exist retrieves context data of current plugin. if context does not yet exist, creates a new context and store it.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>afb_req_context_clear</strong>: reset the stored context data.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>The plugin <em>tictactoe</em> use a convenient function to retrieve its context: the board. This function is <em>board_of_req</em>:</p>
<pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span class="co">/*</span>
<span class="co"> * retrieves the board of the request</span>
<span class="co"> */</span>
<span class="dt">static</span> <span class="kw">inline</span> <span class="kw">struct</span> board *board_of_req(<span class="kw">struct</span> afb_req req)
{
    <span class="kw">return</span> afb_req_context(req, (<span class="dt">void</span>*)get_new_board, (<span class="dt">void</span>*)release_board);
}</code></pre>
<p>The function <strong>afb_req_context</strong> ensures an existing context for the session of the request. Its two last arguments are functions to allocate and free context. Note function type casts to avoid compilation warnings.</p>
<p>Here is the definition of the function <strong>afb_req_context</strong></p>
<pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span class="co">/*</span>
<span class="co"> * Gets the pointer stored by the plugin for the session of &#39;req&#39;.</span>
<span class="co"> * If the stored pointer is NULL, indicating that no pointer was</span>
<span class="co"> * already stored, afb_req_context creates a new context by calling</span>
<span class="co"> * the function &#39;create_context&#39; and stores it with the freeing function</span>
<span class="co"> * &#39;free_context&#39;.</span>
<span class="co"> */</span>
<span class="dt">static</span> <span class="kw">inline</span> <span class="dt">void</span> *afb_req_context(<span class="kw">struct</span> afb_req req, <span class="dt">void</span> *(*create_context)(), <span class="dt">void</span> (*free_context)(<span class="dt">void</span>*))
{
    <span class="dt">void</span> *result = afb_req_context_get(req);
    <span class="kw">if</span> (result == NULL) {
        result = create_context();
        afb_req_context_set(req, result, free_context);
    }
    <span class="kw">return</span> result;
}</code></pre>
<p>The second argument if the function that creates the context. For plugin <em>tic-tac-toe</em> (function <strong>get_new_board</strong>). The function <strong>get_new_board</strong> creates a new board and set usage its count to 1. The boards are checking usage count to free resources when not used.</p>
<p>The third argument is a function that frees context resources. For plugin <em>tic-tac-toe</em> (function <strong>release_board</strong>). The function <strong>release_board</strong> decrease usage count of the board passed in argument. When usage count falls to zero, data board are freed.</p>
<p>Definition of other functions dealing with contexts:</p>
<pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span class="co">/*</span>
<span class="co"> * Gets the pointer stored by the plugin for the session of &#39;req&#39;.</span>
<span class="co"> * When the plugin has not yet recorded a pointer, NULL is returned.</span>
<span class="co"> */</span>
<span class="dt">void</span> *afb_req_context_get(<span class="kw">struct</span> afb_req req);

<span class="co">/*</span>
<span class="co"> * Stores for the plugin the pointer &#39;context&#39; to the session of &#39;req&#39;.</span>
<span class="co"> * The function &#39;free_context&#39; will be called when the session is closed</span>
<span class="co"> * or if plugin stores an other pointer.</span>
<span class="co"> */</span>
<span class="dt">void</span> afb_req_context_set(<span class="kw">struct</span> afb_req req, <span class="dt">void</span> *context, <span class="dt">void</span> (*free_context)(<span class="dt">void</span>*));

<span class="co">/*</span>
<span class="co"> * Frees the pointer stored by the plugin for the session of &#39;req&#39;</span>
<span class="co"> * and sets it to NULL.</span>
<span class="co"> *</span>
<span class="co"> * Shortcut for: afb_req_context_set(req, NULL, NULL)</span>
<span class="co"> */</span>
<span class="dt">static</span> <span class="kw">inline</span> <span class="dt">void</span> afb_req_context_clear(<span class="kw">struct</span> afb_req req)
{
    afb_req_context_set(req, NULL, NULL);
}</code></pre>
<h3 id="sending-reply-to-a-request">Sending reply to a request</h3>
<p>Two kinds of replies: successful or failure.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Sending a reply to a request MUST be done once and only once.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>It exists two functions for &quot;success&quot; replies: <strong>afb_req_success</strong> and <strong>afb_req_success_f</strong>.</p>
<pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span class="co">/*</span>
<span class="co"> * Sends a reply of kind success to the request &#39;req&#39;.</span>
<span class="co"> * The status of the reply is automatically set to &quot;success&quot;.</span>
<span class="co"> * Its send the object &#39;obj&#39; (can be NULL) with an</span>
<span class="co"> * informationnal comment &#39;info (can also be NULL).</span>
<span class="co"> *</span>
<span class="co"> * For conveniency, the function calls &#39;json_object_put&#39; for &#39;obj&#39;.</span>
<span class="co"> * Thus, in the case where &#39;obj&#39; should remain available after</span>
<span class="co"> * the function returns, the function &#39;json_object_get&#39; shall be used.</span>
<span class="co"> */</span>
<span class="dt">void</span> afb_req_success(<span class="kw">struct</span> afb_req req, <span class="kw">struct</span> json_object *obj, <span class="dt">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> *info);

<span class="co">/*</span>
<span class="co"> * Same as &#39;afb_req_success&#39; but the &#39;info&#39; is a formatting</span>
<span class="co"> * string followed by arguments.</span>
<span class="co"> *</span>
<span class="co"> * For conveniency, the function calls &#39;json_object_put&#39; for &#39;obj&#39;.</span>
<span class="co"> * Thus, in the case where &#39;obj&#39; should remain available after</span>
<span class="co"> * the function returns, the function &#39;json_object_get&#39; shall be used.</span>
<span class="co"> */</span>
<span class="dt">void</span> afb_req_success_f(<span class="kw">struct</span> afb_req req, <span class="kw">struct</span> json_object *obj, <span class="dt">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> *info, ...);</code></pre>
<p>It exists two functions for &quot;failure&quot; replies: <strong>afb_req_fail</strong> and <strong>afb_req_fail_f</strong>.</p>
<pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span class="co">/*</span>
<span class="co"> * Sends a reply of kind failure to the request &#39;req&#39;.</span>
<span class="co"> * The status of the reply is set to &#39;status&#39; and an</span>
<span class="co"> * informational comment &#39;info&#39; (can also be NULL) can be added.</span>
<span class="co"> *</span>
<span class="co"> * Note that calling afb_req_fail(&quot;success&quot;, info) is equivalent</span>
<span class="co"> * to call afb_req_success(NULL, info). Thus even if possible it</span>
<span class="co"> * is strongly recommended to NEVER use &quot;success&quot; for status.</span>
<span class="co"> *</span>
<span class="co"> * For conveniency, the function calls &#39;json_object_put&#39; for &#39;obj&#39;.</span>
<span class="co"> * Thus, in the case where &#39;obj&#39; should remain available after</span>
<span class="co"> * the function returns, the function &#39;json_object_get&#39; shall be used.</span>
<span class="co"> */</span>
<span class="dt">void</span> afb_req_fail(<span class="kw">struct</span> afb_req req, <span class="dt">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> *status, <span class="dt">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> *info);

<span class="co">/*</span>
<span class="co"> * Same as &#39;afb_req_fail&#39; but the &#39;info&#39; is a formatting</span>
<span class="co"> * string followed by arguments.</span>
<span class="co"> *</span>
<span class="co"> * For conveniency, the function calls &#39;json_object_put&#39; for &#39;obj&#39;.</span>
<span class="co"> * Thus, in the case where &#39;obj&#39; should remain available after</span>
<span class="co"> * the function returns, the function &#39;json_object_get&#39; shall be used.</span>
<span class="co"> */</span>
<span class="dt">void</span> afb_req_fail_f(<span class="kw">struct</span> afb_req req, <span class="dt">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> *status, <span class="dt">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> *info, ...);</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>For conveniency, these functions automatically call <strong>json_object_put</strong> to release <strong>obj</strong>. Because <strong>obj</strong> usage count is null after being passed to a reply function, it SHOULD not be used anymore. If exceptionally <strong>obj</strong> needs to remain usable after reply function then using <strong>json_object_get</strong> on <strong>obj</strong> to increase usage count and cancels the effect the <strong>json_object_put</strong> is possible.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="getting-argument-of-invocation">Getting argument of invocation</h2>
<p>Many methods expect arguments. Afb-daemon's plugins retrieve arguments by name and not by position.</p>
<p>Arguments are passed by requests through either HTTP or WebSockets.</p>
<p>For example, the method <strong>join</strong> of plugin <strong>tic-tac-toe</strong> expects one argument: the <em>boardid</em> to join. Here is an extract:</p>
<pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span class="co">/*</span>
<span class="co"> * Join a board</span>
<span class="co"> */</span>
<span class="dt">static</span> <span class="dt">void</span> join(<span class="kw">struct</span> afb_req req)
{
    <span class="kw">struct</span> board *board, *new_board;
    <span class="dt">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> *id;

    <span class="co">/* retrieves the context for the session */</span>
    board = board_of_req(req);
    INFO(afbitf, <span class="st">&quot;method &#39;join&#39; called for boardid %d&quot;</span>, board-&gt;id);

    <span class="co">/* retrieves the argument */</span>
    id = afb_req_value(req, <span class="st">&quot;boardid&quot;</span>);
    <span class="kw">if</span> (id == NULL)
        <span class="kw">goto</span> bad_request;
    ...</code></pre>
<p>The function <strong>afb_req_value</strong> searches in the request <em>req</em> for argument name passed in the second argument. When argument name is not passed, <strong>afb_req_value</strong> returns NULL.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The search is case sensitive and <em>boardid</em> is not equivalent to <em>BoardId</em>. Nevertheless having argument names that only differ by name case is not a good idea.</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="basic-functions-for-querying-arguments">Basic functions for querying arguments</h3>
<p>The function <strong>afb_req_value</strong> is defined here after:</p>
<pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span class="co">/*</span>
<span class="co"> * Gets from the request &#39;req&#39; the string value of the argument of &#39;name&#39;.</span>
<span class="co"> * Returns NULL if when there is no argument of &#39;name&#39;.</span>
<span class="co"> * Returns the value of the argument of &#39;name&#39; otherwise.</span>
<span class="co"> *</span>
<span class="co"> * Shortcut for: afb_req_get(req, name).value</span>
<span class="co"> */</span>
<span class="dt">static</span> <span class="kw">inline</span> <span class="dt">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> *afb_req_value(<span class="kw">struct</span> afb_req req, <span class="dt">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> *name)
{
    <span class="kw">return</span> afb_req_get(req, name).value;
}</code></pre>
<p>It is defined as a shortcut to call the function <strong>afb_req_get</strong>. That function is defined here after:</p>
<pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span class="co">/*</span>
<span class="co"> * Gets from the request &#39;req&#39; the argument of &#39;name&#39;.</span>
<span class="co"> * Returns a PLAIN structure of type &#39;struct afb_arg&#39;.</span>
<span class="co"> * When the argument of &#39;name&#39; is not found, all fields of result are set to NULL.</span>
<span class="co"> * When the argument of &#39;name&#39; is found, the fields are filled,</span>
<span class="co"> * in particular, the field &#39;result.name&#39; is set to &#39;name&#39;.</span>
<span class="co"> *</span>
<span class="co"> * There is a special name value: the empty string.</span>
<span class="co"> * The argument of name &quot;&quot; is defined only if the request was made using</span>
<span class="co"> * an HTTP POST of Content-Type &quot;application/json&quot;. In that case, the</span>
<span class="co"> * argument of name &quot;&quot; receives the value of the body of the HTTP request.</span>
<span class="co"> */</span>
<span class="kw">struct</span> afb_arg afb_req_get(<span class="kw">struct</span> afb_req req, <span class="dt">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> *name);</code></pre>
<p>That function takes 2 parameters: the request and the name of the argument to retrieve. It returns a PLAIN structure of type <strong>struct afb_arg</strong>.</p>
<p>There is a special name that is defined when the request is of type HTTP/POST with a Content-Type being application/json. This name is <strong>&quot;&quot;</strong> (the empty string). In that case, the value of this argument of empty name is the string received as a body of the post and is supposed to be a JSON string.</p>
<p>The definition of <strong>struct afb_arg</strong> is:</p>
<pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span class="co">/*</span>
<span class="co"> * Describes an argument (or parameter) of a request</span>
<span class="co"> */</span>
<span class="kw">struct</span> afb_arg {
    <span class="dt">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> *name;   <span class="co">/* name of the argument or NULL if invalid */</span>
    <span class="dt">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> *value;  <span class="co">/* string representation of the value of the argument */</span>
                <span class="co">/* original filename of the argument if path != NULL */</span>
    <span class="dt">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> *path;   <span class="co">/* if not NULL, path of the received file for the argument */</span>
                <span class="co">/* when the request is finalized this file is removed */</span>
};</code></pre>
<p>The structure returns the data arguments that are known for the request. This data include a field named <strong>path</strong>. This <strong>path</strong> can be accessed using the function <strong>afb_req_path</strong> defined here after:</p>
<pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span class="co">/*</span>
<span class="co"> * Gets from the request &#39;req&#39; the path for file attached to the argument of &#39;name&#39;.</span>
<span class="co"> * Returns NULL if when there is no argument of &#39;name&#39; or when there is no file.</span>
<span class="co"> * Returns the path of the argument of &#39;name&#39; otherwise.</span>
<span class="co"> *</span>
<span class="co"> * Shortcut for: afb_req_get(req, name).path</span>
<span class="co"> */</span>
<span class="dt">static</span> <span class="kw">inline</span> <span class="dt">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> *afb_req_path(<span class="kw">struct</span> afb_req req, <span class="dt">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> *name)
{
    <span class="kw">return</span> afb_req_get(req, name).path;
}</code></pre>
<p>The path is only defined for HTTP/POST requests that send file.</p>
<h3 id="arguments-for-received-files">Arguments for received files</h3>
<p>As it is explained above, clients can send files using HTTP/POST requests.</p>
<p>Received files are attached to &quot;file&quot; argument name. For example, the following HTTP fragment (from test/sample-post.html) will send an HTTP/POST request to the method <strong>post/upload-image</strong> with 2 arguments named <em>file</em> and <em>hidden</em>.</p>
<pre class="sourceCode html"><code class="sourceCode html"><span class="kw">&lt;h2&gt;</span>Sample Post File<span class="kw">&lt;/h2&gt;</span>
<span class="kw">&lt;form</span><span class="ot"> enctype=</span><span class="st">&quot;multipart/form-data&quot;</span><span class="kw">&gt;</span>
    <span class="kw">&lt;input</span><span class="ot"> type=</span><span class="st">&quot;file&quot;</span><span class="ot"> name=</span><span class="st">&quot;file&quot;</span> <span class="kw">/&gt;</span>
    <span class="kw">&lt;input</span><span class="ot"> type=</span><span class="st">&quot;hidden&quot;</span><span class="ot"> name=</span><span class="st">&quot;hidden&quot;</span><span class="ot"> value=</span><span class="st">&quot;bollobollo&quot;</span> <span class="kw">/&gt;</span>
    <span class="kw">&lt;br&gt;</span>
    <span class="kw">&lt;button</span><span class="ot"> formmethod=</span><span class="st">&quot;POST&quot;</span><span class="ot"> formaction=</span><span class="st">&quot;api/post/upload-image&quot;</span><span class="kw">&gt;</span>Post File<span class="kw">&lt;/button&gt;</span>
<span class="kw">&lt;/form&gt;</span></code></pre>
<p>Argument named <strong>file</strong> should have both its value and path defined.</p>
<p>The value is the name of the file as it was set by the HTTP client. Generally it is the filename on client side.</p>
<p>The path is the effective path of saved file on the temporary local storage area of the application. This is a randomly generated and unique filename. It is not linked with the original filename as used on client side.</p>
<p>After success the plugin can use the uploaded file directly from local storage path with no restriction: read, write, remove, copy, rename... Nevertheless when request reply is set and query terminated, the uploaded temporary file at path is destroyed.</p>
<h3 id="arguments-as-a-json-object">Arguments as a JSON object</h3>
<p>Plugins may also request every arguments of a given call as one single object. This feature is provided by the function <strong>afb_req_json</strong> defined here after:</p>
<pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span class="co">/*</span>
<span class="co"> * Gets from the request &#39;req&#39; the json object hashing the arguments.</span>
<span class="co"> * The returned object must not be released using &#39;json_object_put&#39;.</span>
<span class="co"> */</span>
<span class="kw">struct</span> json_object *afb_req_json(<span class="kw">struct</span> afb_req req);</code></pre>
<p>It returns a json object. This object depends on how the request was built:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>For HTTP requests, this json object uses key names mapped on argument name. Values are either string for common arguments or object ie: { &quot;file&quot;: &quot;...&quot;, &quot;path&quot;: &quot;...&quot; }</p></li>
<li><p>For WebSockets requests, returned directly the object as provided by the client.</p></li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>In fact, for Websockets requests, the function <strong>afb_req_value</strong> can be seen as a shortcut to <strong><em>json_object_get_string(json_object_object_get(afb_req_json(req), name))</em></strong></p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="initialisation-of-the-plugin-and-declaration-of-methods">Initialisation of the plugin and declaration of methods</h2>
<p>To be active, plugin's methods should be declared to afb-daemon. Furthermore, the plugin itself must be recorded.</p>
<p>The registration mechanism is very basic: when afb-need starts, it loads all plugins listed in: command line or configuration file.</p>
<p>Loading a plugin follows the following steps:</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><p>Afb-daemon loads the plugin with <em>dlopen</em>.</p></li>
<li><p>Afb-daemon searches for a symbol named <strong>pluginAfbV1Register</strong> using <em>dlsym</em>. This symbol is assumed to be the exported initialisation function of the plugin.</p></li>
<li><p>Afb-daemon builds an interface object for the plugin.</p></li>
<li><p>Afb-daemon calls the found function <strong>pluginAfbV1Register</strong> with interface pointer as parameter.</p></li>
<li><p>Function <strong>pluginAfbV1Register</strong> setups the plugin and initialises it.</p></li>
<li><p>Function <strong>pluginAfbV1Register</strong> returns the pointer to a structure describing the plugin: version, name (prefix or API name), and list of methods.</p></li>
<li><p>Afb-daemon checks that the returned version and name can be managed. If so, plugin and its methods are register to become usable as soon as afb-daemon initialisation is finished.</p></li>
</ol>
<p>Here after the code used for <strong>pluginAfbV1Register</strong> from plugin <em>tic-tac-toe</em>:</p>
<pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span class="co">/*</span>
<span class="co"> * activation function for registering the plugin called by afb-daemon</span>
<span class="co"> */</span>
<span class="dt">const</span> <span class="kw">struct</span> AFB_plugin *pluginAfbV1Register(<span class="dt">const</span> <span class="kw">struct</span> AFB_interface *itf)
{
   afbitf = itf;         <span class="co">// records the interface for accessing afb-daemon</span>
   <span class="kw">return</span> &amp;plugin_description;  <span class="co">// returns the description of the plugin</span>
}</code></pre>
<p>It is a very minimal initialisation function because <em>tic-tac-toe</em> plugin doesn't have any application related initialisation step. It merely record daemon's interface and returns its description.</p>
<p>The variable <strong>afbitf</strong> is a plugin global variable. It keeps the interface to afb-daemon that should be used for logging and pushing events. Here is its declaration:</p>
<pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span class="co">/*</span>
<span class="co"> * the interface to afb-daemon</span>
<span class="co"> */</span>
<span class="dt">const</span> <span class="kw">struct</span> AFB_interface *afbitf;</code></pre>
<p>The description of the plugin is defined here after.</p>
<pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span class="co">/*</span>
<span class="co"> * array of the methods exported to afb-daemon</span>
<span class="co"> */</span>
<span class="dt">static</span> <span class="dt">const</span> <span class="kw">struct</span> AFB_method_desc_v1 plugin_methods[] = {
   <span class="co">/* VERB&#39;S NAME     SESSION MANAGEMENT          FUNCTION TO CALL  SHORT DESCRIPTION */</span>
   { .name= <span class="st">&quot;new&quot;</span>,   .session= AFB_SESSION_NONE, .callback= new,   .info= <span class="st">&quot;Starts a new game&quot;</span> },
   { .name= <span class="st">&quot;play&quot;</span>,  .session= AFB_SESSION_NONE, .callback= play,  .info= <span class="st">&quot;Asks the server to play&quot;</span> },
   { .name= <span class="st">&quot;move&quot;</span>,  .session= AFB_SESSION_NONE, .callback= move,  .info= <span class="st">&quot;Tells the client move&quot;</span> },
   { .name= <span class="st">&quot;board&quot;</span>, .session= AFB_SESSION_NONE, .callback= board, .info= <span class="st">&quot;Get the current board&quot;</span> },
   { .name= <span class="st">&quot;level&quot;</span>, .session= AFB_SESSION_NONE, .callback= level, .info= <span class="st">&quot;Set the server level&quot;</span> },
   { .name= <span class="st">&quot;join&quot;</span>,  .session= AFB_SESSION_CHECK,.callback= join,  .info= <span class="st">&quot;Join a board&quot;</span> },
   { .name= <span class="st">&quot;undo&quot;</span>,  .session= AFB_SESSION_NONE, .callback= undo,  .info= <span class="st">&quot;Undo the last move&quot;</span> },
   { .name= <span class="st">&quot;wait&quot;</span>,  .session= AFB_SESSION_NONE, .callback= wait,  .info= <span class="st">&quot;Wait for a change&quot;</span> },
   { .name= NULL } <span class="co">/* marker for end of the array */</span>
};

<span class="co">/*</span>
<span class="co"> * description of the plugin for afb-daemon</span>
<span class="co"> */</span>
<span class="dt">static</span> <span class="dt">const</span> <span class="kw">struct</span> AFB_plugin plugin_description =
{
   <span class="co">/* description conforms to VERSION 1 */</span>
   .type= AFB_PLUGIN_VERSION_1,
   .v1= {               <span class="co">/* fills the v1 field of the union when AFB_PLUGIN_VERSION_1 */</span>
      .prefix= <span class="st">&quot;tictactoe&quot;</span>,     <span class="co">/* the API name (or plugin name or prefix) */</span>
      .info= <span class="st">&quot;Sample tac-tac-toe game&quot;</span>, <span class="co">/* short description of of the plugin */</span>
      .methods = plugin_methods     <span class="co">/* the array describing the methods of the API */</span>
   }
};</code></pre>
<p>The structure <strong>plugin_description</strong> describes the plugin. It declares the type and version of the plugin, its name, a short description and its methods list.</p>
<p>The list of methods is an array of structures describing the methods and terminated by a NULL marker.</p>
<p>In version one of afb-damon plugin, a method description contains 4 fields:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>the name of the method,</p></li>
<li><p>the session management flags,</p></li>
<li><p>the implementation function to be call for the method,</p></li>
<li><p>a short description.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>The structure describing methods is defined as follows:</p>
<pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span class="co">/*</span>
<span class="co"> * Description of one method of the API provided by the plugin</span>
<span class="co"> * This enumeration is valid for plugins of type 1</span>
<span class="co"> */</span>
<span class="kw">struct</span> AFB_method_desc_v1
{
       <span class="dt">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> *name;                       <span class="co">/* name of the method */</span>
       <span class="kw">enum</span> AFB_session_v1 session;            <span class="co">/* authorisation and session requirements of the method */</span>
       <span class="dt">void</span> (*callback)(<span class="kw">struct</span> afb_req req);   <span class="co">/* callback function implementing the method */</span>
       <span class="dt">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> *info;                       <span class="co">/* textual description of the method */</span>
};</code></pre>
<p>For technical reasons, the enumeration <strong>enum AFB_session_v1</strong> is not exactly an enumeration but the wrapper of constant definitions that can be mixed using bitwise or (the C operator |).</p>
<p>The constants that can bit mixed are:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: left;">Constant name</th>
<th style="text-align: left;">Meaning</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><strong>AFB_SESSION_CREATE</strong></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Equals to AFB_SESSION_LOA_EQ_0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><strong>AFB_SESSION_CLOSE</strong></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Closes the session after the reply and set the LOA to 0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><strong>AFB_SESSION_RENEW</strong></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Refreshes the token of authentification</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><strong>AFB_SESSION_CHECK</strong></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Just requires the token authentification</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><strong>AFB_SESSION_LOA_LE_0</strong></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Requires the current LOA to be lesser then or equal to 0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><strong>AFB_SESSION_LOA_LE_1</strong></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Requires the current LOA to be lesser then or equal to 1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><strong>AFB_SESSION_LOA_LE_2</strong></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Requires the current LOA to be lesser then or equal to 2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><strong>AFB_SESSION_LOA_LE_3</strong></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Requires the current LOA to be lesser then or equal to 3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><strong>AFB_SESSION_LOA_GE_0</strong></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Requires the current LOA to be greater then or equal to 0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><strong>AFB_SESSION_LOA_GE_1</strong></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Requires the current LOA to be greater then or equal to 1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><strong>AFB_SESSION_LOA_GE_2</strong></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Requires the current LOA to be greater then or equal to 2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><strong>AFB_SESSION_LOA_GE_3</strong></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Requires the current LOA to be greater then or equal to 3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><strong>AFB_SESSION_LOA_EQ_0</strong></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Requires the current LOA to be equal to 0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><strong>AFB_SESSION_LOA_EQ_1</strong></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Requires the current LOA to be equal to 1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><strong>AFB_SESSION_LOA_EQ_2</strong></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Requires the current LOA to be equal to 2</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><strong>AFB_SESSION_LOA_EQ_3</strong></td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Requires the current LOA to be equal to 3</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>If any of this flag is set, afb-daemon requires an authentication token as if <strong>AFB_SESSION_CHECK</strong> flag was also set.</p>
<p>The special value <strong>AFB_SESSION_NONE</strong> is zero and can be used to bypass token check.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Note that <strong>AFB_SESSION_CREATE</strong> and <strong>AFB_SESSION_CLOSE</strong> might be removed in later versions.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="sending-messages-to-the-log-system">Sending messages to the log system</h2>
<p>Afb-daemon provides 4 levels of verbosity and 5 methods for logging messages.</p>
<p>The verbosity is managed. Options allow the change the verbosity of afb-daemon and the verbosity of the plugins can be set plugin by plugin.</p>
<p>The methods for logging messages are defined as macros that test the verbosity level and that call the real logging function only if the message must be output. This avoid evaluation of arguments of the formatting messages if the message must not be output.</p>
<h3 id="verbs-for-logging-messages">Verbs for logging messages</h3>
<p>The 5 logging methods are:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: left;">Macro</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">Verbosity</th>
<th style="text-align: left;">Meaning</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">syslog level</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">ERROR</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">0</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Error conditions</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">WARNING</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">1</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Warning conditions</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">4</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">NOTICE</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">1</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Normal but significant condition</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">INFO</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Informational</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">DEBUG</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">3</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Debug-level messages</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">7</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>You can note that the 2 methods <strong>WARNING</strong> and <strong>INFO</strong> have the same level of verbosity. But they don't have the same <em>syslog level</em>. It means that they are output with a different level on the logging system.</p>
<p>All of these methods have the same signature:</p>
<pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span class="dt">void</span> ERROR(<span class="dt">const</span> <span class="kw">struct</span> AFB_interface *afbitf, <span class="dt">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> *message, ...);</code></pre>
<p>The first argument <strong>afbitf</strong> is the interface to afb daemon that the plugin received at initialisation time when <strong>pluginAfbV1Register</strong> is called.</p>
<p>The second argument <strong>message</strong> is a formatting string compatible with printf/sprintf.</p>
<p>The remaining arguments are arguments of the formating message like with printf.</p>
<h3 id="managing-verbosity">Managing verbosity</h3>
<p>Depending on the level of verbosity, the messages are output or not. The following table explains what messages will be output depending ont the verbosity level.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: center;">Level of verbosity</th>
<th style="text-align: left;">Outputed macro</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">0</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">ERROR</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">1</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">ERROR + WARNING + NOTICE</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">ERROR + WARNING + NOTICE + INFO</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">3</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">ERROR + WARNING + NOTICE + INFO + DEBUG</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="output-format-and-destination">Output format and destination</h3>
<p>The syslog level is used for forging a prefix to the message. The prefixes are:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: center;">syslog level</th>
<th style="text-align: left;">prefix</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">0</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">&lt;0&gt; EMERGENCY</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">1</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">&lt;1&gt; ALERT</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">2</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">&lt;2&gt; CRITICAL</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">3</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">&lt;3&gt; ERROR</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">4</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">&lt;4&gt; WARNING</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">5</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">&lt;5&gt; NOTICE</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: center;">6</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">&lt;6&gt; INFO</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: center;">7</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">&lt;7&gt; DEBUG</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>The message is pushed to standard error. The final destination of the message depends on how systemd service was configured through its variable <strong>StandardError</strong>. It can be journal, syslog or kmsg. (See man sd-daemon).</p>
<h2 id="sending-events">Sending events</h2>
<p>Since version 0.5, plugins can broadcast events to any potential listener. As today only unattended even are supported. Targeted events are expected for next coming version.</p>
<p>The plugin <em>tic-tac-toe</em> broadcasts events when the board changes. This is done in the function <strong>changed</strong>:</p>
<pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span class="co">/*</span>
<span class="co"> * signals a change of the board</span>
<span class="co"> */</span>
<span class="dt">static</span> <span class="dt">void</span> changed(<span class="kw">struct</span> board *board, <span class="dt">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> *reason)
{
    ...
    <span class="kw">struct</span> json_object *description;

    <span class="co">/* get the description */</span>
    description = describe(board);

    ...

    afb_daemon_broadcast_event(afbitf-&gt;daemon, reason, description);
}</code></pre>
<p>The description of the changed board is pushed via the daemon interface.</p>
<p>Within plugin <em>tic-tac-toe</em>, <em>reason</em> indicates the origin of the change. In function <strong>afb_daemon_broadcast_event</strong> the second parameter is the name of broadcasted event. The third argument is the object that is transmitted with the event.</p>
<p>Function <strong>afb_daemon_broadcast_event</strong> is defined here after:</p>
<pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span class="co">/*</span>
<span class="co"> * Broadcasts widely the event of &#39;name&#39; with the data &#39;object&#39;.</span>
<span class="co"> * &#39;object&#39; can be NULL.</span>
<span class="co"> * &#39;daemon&#39; MUST be the daemon given in interface when activating the plugin.</span>
<span class="co"> *</span>
<span class="co"> * For conveniency, the function calls &#39;json_object_put&#39; for &#39;object&#39;.</span>
<span class="co"> * Thus, in the case where &#39;object&#39; should remain available after</span>
<span class="co"> * the function returns, the function &#39;json_object_get&#39; shall be used.</span>
<span class="co"> */</span>
<span class="dt">void</span> afb_daemon_broadcast_event(<span class="kw">struct</span> afb_daemon daemon, <span class="dt">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> *name, <span class="kw">struct</span> json_object *object);</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>Be aware, as with reply functions <strong>object</strong> is automatically released using <strong>json_object_put</strong> when using this function. Call <strong>json_object_get</strong> before calling <strong>afb_daemon_broadcast_event</strong> to keep <strong>object</strong> available after function returns.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Event name received by listeners is prefixed with plugin name. So when a change occurs after a move, the reason is <strong>move</strong> and every clients receive an event <strong>tictactoe/move</strong>.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Note that nothing is said about case sensitivity of event names. However, the event is always prefixed with the name that the plugin declared, with the same case, followed with a slash /. Thus it is safe to compare event using a case sensitive comparison.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="writing-an-asynchronous-method-implementation">Writing an asynchronous method implementation</h2>
<p>The <em>tic-tac-toe</em> example allows two clients or more to share the same board. This is implemented by the method <strong>join</strong> that illustrated partly how to retrieve arguments.</p>
<p>When two or more clients are sharing a same board, one of them can wait until the state of the board changes, but this could also be implemented using events because an even is generated each time the board changes.</p>
<p>In this case, the reply to the wait is sent only when the board changes. See the diagram below:</p>
<pre><code>CLIENT A       CLIENT B         TIC-TAC-TOE
   |              |                  |
   +--------------|-----------------&gt;| wait . . . . . . . .
   |              |                  |                     .
   :              :                  :                      .
   :              :                  :                      .
   |              |                  |                      .
   |              +-----------------&gt;| move . . .           .
   |              |                  |          V           .
   |              |&lt;-----------------+ success of move      .
   |              |                  |                    .
   |&lt;-------------|------------------+ success of wait  &lt;</code></pre>
<p>Here, this is an invocation of the plugin by an other client that unblock the suspended <em>wait</em> call. Nevertheless in most case this should be a timer, a hardware event, a sync with a concurrent process or thread, ...</p>
<p>Common case of an asynchronous implementation.</p>
<p>Here is the listing of the function <strong>wait</strong>:</p>
<pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span class="dt">static</span> <span class="dt">void</span> wait(<span class="kw">struct</span> afb_req req)
{
    <span class="kw">struct</span> board *board;
    <span class="kw">struct</span> waiter *waiter;

    <span class="co">/* retrieves the context for the session */</span>
    board = board_of_req(req);
    INFO(afbitf, <span class="st">&quot;method &#39;wait&#39; called for boardid %d&quot;</span>, board-&gt;id);

    <span class="co">/* creates the waiter and enqueues it */</span>
    waiter = calloc(<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="kw">sizeof</span> *waiter);
    waiter-&gt;req = req;
    waiter-&gt;next = board-&gt;waiters;
    afb_req_addref(req);
    board-&gt;waiters = waiter;
}</code></pre>
<p>After retrieving the board, the function adds a new waiter to waiters list and returns without setting a reply.</p>
<p>Before returning, it increases <strong>req</strong> request's reference count using <strong>afb_req_addref</strong> function.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>When a method returns without setting a reply, it <strong>MUST</strong> increment request's reference count using <strong>afb_req_addref</strong>. If unpredictable behaviour may pop up.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Later, when a board changes, it calls <em>tic-tac-toe</em> <strong>changed</strong> function with reason of change in parameter.</p>
<p>Here is the full listing of the function <strong>changed</strong>:</p>
<pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span class="co">/*</span>
<span class="co"> * signals a change of the board</span>
<span class="co"> */</span>
<span class="dt">static</span> <span class="dt">void</span> changed(<span class="kw">struct</span> board *board, <span class="dt">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> *reason)
{
    <span class="kw">struct</span> waiter *waiter, *next;
    <span class="kw">struct</span> json_object *description;

    <span class="co">/* get the description */</span>
    description = describe(board);

    waiter = board-&gt;waiters;
    board-&gt;waiters = NULL;
    <span class="kw">while</span> (waiter != NULL) {
        next = waiter-&gt;next;
        afb_req_success(waiter-&gt;req, json_object_get(description), reason);
        afb_req_unref(waiter-&gt;req);
        free(waiter);
        waiter = next;
    }

    afb_event_sender_push(afb_daemon_get_event_sender(afbitf-&gt;daemon), reason, description);
}</code></pre>
<p>The list of waiters is walked and a reply is sent to each waiter. After sending the reply, the reference count of the request is decremented using <strong>afb_req_unref</strong> to allow resources to be freed.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The reference count <strong>MUST</strong> be decremented using <strong>afb_req_unref</strong> to free resources and avoid memory leaks. This usage count decrement should happen <strong>AFTER</strong> setting reply or bad things may happen.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="how-to-build-a-plugin">How to build a plugin</h2>
<p>Afb-daemon provides a <em>pkg-config</em> configuration file that can be queried by providing <strong>afb-daemon</strong> in command line arguments. This configuration file provides data that should be used for plugins compilation. Examples:</p>
<pre class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash">$ <span class="kw">pkg-config</span> --cflags afb-daemon
$ <span class="kw">pkg-config</span> --libs afb-daemon</code></pre>
<h3 id="example-for-cmake-meta-build-system">Example for cmake meta build system</h3>
<p>This example is the extract for building the plugin <em>afm-main</em> using <em>CMAKE</em>.</p>
<pre class="sourceCode cmake"><code class="sourceCode cmake"><span class="fu">pkg_check_modules</span>(afb afb-daemon)
<span class="kw">if</span>(afb_FOUND)
    <span class="kw">message</span>(<span class="ot">STATUS</span> <span class="st">&quot;Creation afm-main-plugin for AFB-DAEMON&quot;</span>)
    <span class="kw">add_library</span>(afm-main-plugin <span class="ot">MODULE</span> afm-main-plugin.c)
    <span class="kw">target_compile_options</span>(afm-main-plugin <span class="ot">PRIVATE</span> <span class="dv">${afb_CFLAGS}</span>)
    <span class="kw">target_include_directories</span>(afm-main-plugin <span class="ot">PRIVATE</span> <span class="dv">${afb_INCLUDE_DIRS}</span>)
    <span class="kw">target_link_libraries</span>(afm-main-plugin utils <span class="dv">${afb_LIBRARIES}</span>)
    <span class="kw">set_target_properties</span>(afm-main-plugin <span class="ot">PROPERTIES</span>
        <span class="ot">PREFIX</span> <span class="st">&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="ot">LINK_FLAGS</span> <span class="st">&quot;-Wl,--version-script=</span><span class="dv">${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}</span><span class="st">/afm-main-plugin.export-map&quot;</span>
    )
    <span class="kw">install</span>(<span class="ot">TARGETS</span> afm-main-plugin <span class="ot">LIBRARY</span> <span class="ot">DESTINATION</span> <span class="dv">${plugin_dir}</span>)
<span class="kw">else</span>()
    <span class="kw">message</span>(<span class="ot">STATUS</span> <span class="st">&quot;Not creating the plugin for AFB-DAEMON&quot;</span>)
<span class="kw">endif</span>()</code></pre>
<p>Let now describe some of these lines.</p>
<pre class="sourceCode cmake"><code class="sourceCode cmake"><span class="fu">pkg_check_modules</span>(afb afb-daemon)</code></pre>
<p>This first lines searches to the <em>pkg-config</em> configuration file for <strong>afb-daemon</strong>. Resulting data are stored in the following variables:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="text-align: left;">Variable</th>
<th style="text-align: left;">Meaning</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">afb_FOUND</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Set to 1 if afb-daemon plugin development files exist</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">afb_LIBRARIES</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Only the libraries (w/o the '-l') for compiling afb-daemon plugins</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">afb_LIBRARY_DIRS</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">The paths of the libraries (w/o the '-L') for compiling afb-daemon plugins</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">afb_LDFLAGS</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">All required linker flags for compiling afb-daemon plugins</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;">afb_INCLUDE_DIRS</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">The '-I' preprocessor flags (w/o the '-I') for compiling afb-daemon plugins</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;">afb_CFLAGS</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">All required cflags for compiling afb-daemon plugins</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>If development files are found, the plugin can be added to the set of target to build.</p>
<pre class="sourceCode cmake"><code class="sourceCode cmake"><span class="kw">add_library</span>(afm-main-plugin <span class="ot">MODULE</span> afm-main-plugin.c)</code></pre>
<p>This line asks to create a shared library having a single source file named afm-main-plugin.c to be compiled. The default name of the created shared object is <strong>libafm-main-plugin.so</strong>.</p>
<pre class="sourceCode cmake"><code class="sourceCode cmake"><span class="kw">set_target_properties</span>(afm-main-plugin <span class="ot">PROPERTIES</span>
    <span class="ot">PREFIX</span> <span class="st">&quot;&quot;</span>
    <span class="ot">LINK_FLAGS</span> <span class="st">&quot;-Wl,--version-script=</span><span class="dv">${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}</span><span class="st">/afm-main-plugin.export-map&quot;</span>
)</code></pre>
<p>This lines are doing two things:</p>
<ol type="1">
<li><p>It renames the built library from <strong>libafm-main-plugin.so</strong> to <strong>afm-main-plugin.so</strong> by removing the implicitly added prefix <em>lib</em>. This step is not mandatory because afb-daemon doesn't check names of files at load time. The only filename convention used by afb-daemon relates to <strong>.so</strong> termination. *.so pattern is used when afb-daemon automatically discovers plugin from a directory hierarchy.</p></li>
<li><p>It applies a version script at link time to only export the reserved name <strong>pluginAfbV1Register</strong> for registration entry point. By default, when building a shared library linker exports all the public symbols (C functions that are not <strong>static</strong>).</p></li>
</ol>
<p>Next line are:</p>
<pre class="sourceCode cmake"><code class="sourceCode cmake"><span class="kw">target_include_directories</span>(afm-main-plugin <span class="ot">PRIVATE</span> <span class="dv">${afb_INCLUDE_DIRS}</span>)
<span class="kw">target_link_libraries</span>(afm-main-plugin utils <span class="dv">${afb_LIBRARIES}</span>)</code></pre>
<p>As you can see it uses the variables computed by <strong><em>pkg_check_modules(afb afb-daemon)</em></strong> to configure the compiler and the linker.</p>
<h3 id="exporting-the-function-pluginafbv1register">Exporting the function pluginAfbV1Register</h3>
<p>The function <strong>pluginAfbV1Register</strong> MUST be exported. This can be achieved using a version script at link time. Here after is a version script used for <em>tic-tac-toe</em> (plugins/samples/export.map).</p>
<pre><code>{ global: pluginAfbV1Register; local: *; };</code></pre>
<p>This sample <a href="https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs-2.26/ld/VERSION.html#VERSION">version script</a> exports as global the symbol <em>pluginAfbV1Register</em> and hides any other symbols.</p>
<p>This version script is added to the link options using the option <strong>--version-script=export.map</strong> is given directly to the linker or using the option <strong>-Wl,--version-script=export.map</strong> when the option is given to the C compiler.</p>
<h3 id="building-within-yocto">Building within yocto</h3>
<p>Adding a dependency to afb-daemon is enough. See below:</p>
<pre><code>DEPENDS += &quot; afb-daemon &quot;</code></pre>
</body>
</html>