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-rw-r--r--linpack/linpack.c882
1 files changed, 882 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/linpack/linpack.c b/linpack/linpack.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..17b2824
--- /dev/null
+++ b/linpack/linpack.c
@@ -0,0 +1,882 @@
+/*
+**
+** LINPACK.C Linpack benchmark, calculates FLOPS.
+** (FLoating Point Operations Per Second)
+**
+** Translated to C by Bonnie Toy 5/88
+**
+** Modified by Will Menninger, 10/93, with these features:
+** (modified on 2/25/94 to fix a problem with daxpy for
+** unequal increments or equal increments not equal to 1.
+** Jack Dongarra)
+**
+** - Defaults to double precision.
+** - Averages ROLLed and UNROLLed performance.
+** - User selectable array sizes.
+** - Automatically does enough repetitions to take at least 10 CPU seconds.
+** - Prints machine precision.
+** - ANSI prototyping.
+**
+** To compile: cc -O -o linpack linpack.c -lm
+**
+**
+*/
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <float.h>
+
+#define DP
+
+#ifdef SP
+#define ZERO 0.0
+#define ONE 1.0
+#define PREC "Single"
+#define BASE10DIG FLT_DIG
+
+typedef float REAL;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef DP
+#define ZERO 0.0e0
+#define ONE 1.0e0
+#define PREC "Double"
+#define BASE10DIG DBL_DIG
+
+typedef double REAL;
+#endif
+
+static REAL linpack (long nreps,int arsize);
+static void matgen (REAL *a,int lda,int n,REAL *b,REAL *norma);
+static void dgefa (REAL *a,int lda,int n,int *ipvt,int *info,int roll);
+static void dgesl (REAL *a,int lda,int n,int *ipvt,REAL *b,int job,int roll);
+static void daxpy_r (int n,REAL da,REAL *dx,int incx,REAL *dy,int incy);
+static REAL ddot_r (int n,REAL *dx,int incx,REAL *dy,int incy);
+static void dscal_r (int n,REAL da,REAL *dx,int incx);
+static void daxpy_ur (int n,REAL da,REAL *dx,int incx,REAL *dy,int incy);
+static REAL ddot_ur (int n,REAL *dx,int incx,REAL *dy,int incy);
+static void dscal_ur (int n,REAL da,REAL *dx,int incx);
+static int idamax (int n,REAL *dx,int incx);
+static REAL second (void);
+
+static void *mempool;
+
+
+void main(void)
+
+ {
+ char buf[80];
+ int arsize;
+ long arsize2d,memreq,nreps;
+ size_t malloc_arg;
+
+ while (1)
+ {
+ printf("Enter array size (q to quit) [200]: ");
+ fgets(buf,79,stdin);
+ if (buf[0]=='q' || buf[0]=='Q')
+ break;
+ if (buf[0]=='\0' || buf[0]=='\n')
+ arsize=200;
+ else
+ arsize=atoi(buf);
+ arsize/=2;
+ arsize*=2;
+ if (arsize<10)
+ {
+ printf("Too small.\n");
+ continue;
+ }
+ arsize2d = (long)arsize*(long)arsize;
+ memreq=arsize2d*sizeof(REAL)+(long)arsize*sizeof(REAL)+(long)arsize*sizeof(int);
+ printf("Memory required: %ldK.\n",(memreq+512L)>>10);
+ malloc_arg=(size_t)memreq;
+ if (malloc_arg!=memreq || (mempool=malloc(malloc_arg))==NULL)
+ {
+ printf("Not enough memory available for given array size.\n\n");
+ continue;
+ }
+ printf("\n\nLINPACK benchmark, %s precision.\n",PREC);
+ printf("Machine precision: %d digits.\n",BASE10DIG);
+ printf("Array size %d X %d.\n",arsize,arsize);
+ printf("Average rolled and unrolled performance:\n\n");
+ printf(" Reps Time(s) DGEFA DGESL OVERHEAD KFLOPS\n");
+ printf("----------------------------------------------------\n");
+ nreps=1;
+ while (linpack(nreps,arsize)<10.)
+ nreps*=2;
+ free(mempool);
+ printf("\n");
+ }
+ }
+
+
+static REAL linpack(long nreps,int arsize)
+
+ {
+ REAL *a,*b;
+ REAL norma,t1,kflops,tdgesl,tdgefa,totalt,toverhead,ops;
+ int *ipvt,n,info,lda;
+ long i,arsize2d;
+
+ lda = arsize;
+ n = arsize/2;
+ arsize2d = (long)arsize*(long)arsize;
+ ops=((2.0*n*n*n)/3.0+2.0*n*n);
+ a=(REAL *)mempool;
+ b=a+arsize2d;
+ ipvt=(int *)&b[arsize];
+ tdgesl=0;
+ tdgefa=0;
+ totalt=second();
+ for (i=0;i<nreps;i++)
+ {
+ matgen(a,lda,n,b,&norma);
+ t1 = second();
+ dgefa(a,lda,n,ipvt,&info,1);
+ tdgefa += second()-t1;
+ t1 = second();
+ dgesl(a,lda,n,ipvt,b,0,1);
+ tdgesl += second()-t1;
+ }
+ for (i=0;i<nreps;i++)
+ {
+ matgen(a,lda,n,b,&norma);
+ t1 = second();
+ dgefa(a,lda,n,ipvt,&info,0);
+ tdgefa += second()-t1;
+ t1 = second();
+ dgesl(a,lda,n,ipvt,b,0,0);
+ tdgesl += second()-t1;
+ }
+ totalt=second()-totalt;
+ if (totalt<0.5 || tdgefa+tdgesl<0.2)
+ return(0.);
+ kflops=2.*nreps*ops/(1000.*(tdgefa+tdgesl));
+ toverhead=totalt-tdgefa-tdgesl;
+ if (tdgefa<0.)
+ tdgefa=0.;
+ if (tdgesl<0.)
+ tdgesl=0.;
+ if (toverhead<0.)
+ toverhead=0.;
+ printf("%8ld %6.2f %6.2f%% %6.2f%% %6.2f%% %9.3f\n",
+ nreps,totalt,100.*tdgefa/totalt,
+ 100.*tdgesl/totalt,100.*toverhead/totalt,
+ kflops);
+ return(totalt);
+ }
+
+
+/*
+** For matgen,
+** We would like to declare a[][lda], but c does not allow it. In this
+** function, references to a[i][j] are written a[lda*i+j].
+*/
+static void matgen(REAL *a,int lda,int n,REAL *b,REAL *norma)
+
+ {
+ int init,i,j;
+
+ init = 1325;
+ *norma = 0.0;
+ for (j = 0; j < n; j++)
+ for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+ {
+ init = (int)((long)3125*(long)init % 65536L);
+ a[lda*j+i] = (init - 32768.0)/16384.0;
+ *norma = (a[lda*j+i] > *norma) ? a[lda*j+i] : *norma;
+ }
+ for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+ b[i] = 0.0;
+ for (j = 0; j < n; j++)
+ for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+ b[i] = b[i] + a[lda*j+i];
+ }
+
+
+/*
+**
+** DGEFA benchmark
+**
+** We would like to declare a[][lda], but c does not allow it. In this
+** function, references to a[i][j] are written a[lda*i+j].
+**
+** dgefa factors a double precision matrix by gaussian elimination.
+**
+** dgefa is usually called by dgeco, but it can be called
+** directly with a saving in time if rcond is not needed.
+** (time for dgeco) = (1 + 9/n)*(time for dgefa) .
+**
+** on entry
+**
+** a REAL precision[n][lda]
+** the matrix to be factored.
+**
+** lda integer
+** the leading dimension of the array a .
+**
+** n integer
+** the order of the matrix a .
+**
+** on return
+**
+** a an upper triangular matrix and the multipliers
+** which were used to obtain it.
+** the factorization can be written a = l*u where
+** l is a product of permutation and unit lower
+** triangular matrices and u is upper triangular.
+**
+** ipvt integer[n]
+** an integer vector of pivot indices.
+**
+** info integer
+** = 0 normal value.
+** = k if u[k][k] .eq. 0.0 . this is not an error
+** condition for this subroutine, but it does
+** indicate that dgesl or dgedi will divide by zero
+** if called. use rcond in dgeco for a reliable
+** indication of singularity.
+**
+** linpack. this version dated 08/14/78 .
+** cleve moler, university of New Mexico, argonne national lab.
+**
+** functions
+**
+** blas daxpy,dscal,idamax
+**
+*/
+static void dgefa(REAL *a,int lda,int n,int *ipvt,int *info,int roll)
+
+ {
+ REAL t;
+ int idamax(),j,k,kp1,l,nm1;
+
+ /* gaussian elimination with partial pivoting */
+
+ if (roll)
+ {
+ *info = 0;
+ nm1 = n - 1;
+ if (nm1 >= 0)
+ for (k = 0; k < nm1; k++)
+ {
+ kp1 = k + 1;
+
+ /* find l = pivot index */
+
+ l = idamax(n-k,&a[lda*k+k],1) + k;
+ ipvt[k] = l;
+
+ /* zero pivot implies this column already
+ triangularized */
+
+ if (a[lda*k+l] != ZERO)
+ {
+
+ /* interchange if necessary */
+
+ if (l != k)
+ {
+ t = a[lda*k+l];
+ a[lda*k+l] = a[lda*k+k];
+ a[lda*k+k] = t;
+ }
+
+ /* compute multipliers */
+
+ t = -ONE/a[lda*k+k];
+ dscal_r(n-(k+1),t,&a[lda*k+k+1],1);
+
+ /* row elimination with column indexing */
+
+ for (j = kp1; j < n; j++)
+ {
+ t = a[lda*j+l];
+ if (l != k)
+ {
+ a[lda*j+l] = a[lda*j+k];
+ a[lda*j+k] = t;
+ }
+ daxpy_r(n-(k+1),t,&a[lda*k+k+1],1,&a[lda*j+k+1],1);
+ }
+ }
+ else
+ (*info) = k;
+ }
+ ipvt[n-1] = n-1;
+ if (a[lda*(n-1)+(n-1)] == ZERO)
+ (*info) = n-1;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ *info = 0;
+ nm1 = n - 1;
+ if (nm1 >= 0)
+ for (k = 0; k < nm1; k++)
+ {
+ kp1 = k + 1;
+
+ /* find l = pivot index */
+
+ l = idamax(n-k,&a[lda*k+k],1) + k;
+ ipvt[k] = l;
+
+ /* zero pivot implies this column already
+ triangularized */
+
+ if (a[lda*k+l] != ZERO)
+ {
+
+ /* interchange if necessary */
+
+ if (l != k)
+ {
+ t = a[lda*k+l];
+ a[lda*k+l] = a[lda*k+k];
+ a[lda*k+k] = t;
+ }
+
+ /* compute multipliers */
+
+ t = -ONE/a[lda*k+k];
+ dscal_ur(n-(k+1),t,&a[lda*k+k+1],1);
+
+ /* row elimination with column indexing */
+
+ for (j = kp1; j < n; j++)
+ {
+ t = a[lda*j+l];
+ if (l != k)
+ {
+ a[lda*j+l] = a[lda*j+k];
+ a[lda*j+k] = t;
+ }
+ daxpy_ur(n-(k+1),t,&a[lda*k+k+1],1,&a[lda*j+k+1],1);
+ }
+ }
+ else
+ (*info) = k;
+ }
+ ipvt[n-1] = n-1;
+ if (a[lda*(n-1)+(n-1)] == ZERO)
+ (*info) = n-1;
+ }
+ }
+
+
+/*
+**
+** DGESL benchmark
+**
+** We would like to declare a[][lda], but c does not allow it. In this
+** function, references to a[i][j] are written a[lda*i+j].
+**
+** dgesl solves the double precision system
+** a * x = b or trans(a) * x = b
+** using the factors computed by dgeco or dgefa.
+**
+** on entry
+**
+** a double precision[n][lda]
+** the output from dgeco or dgefa.
+**
+** lda integer
+** the leading dimension of the array a .
+**
+** n integer
+** the order of the matrix a .
+**
+** ipvt integer[n]
+** the pivot vector from dgeco or dgefa.
+**
+** b double precision[n]
+** the right hand side vector.
+**
+** job integer
+** = 0 to solve a*x = b ,
+** = nonzero to solve trans(a)*x = b where
+** trans(a) is the transpose.
+**
+** on return
+**
+** b the solution vector x .
+**
+** error condition
+**
+** a division by zero will occur if the input factor contains a
+** zero on the diagonal. technically this indicates singularity
+** but it is often caused by improper arguments or improper
+** setting of lda . it will not occur if the subroutines are
+** called correctly and if dgeco has set rcond .gt. 0.0
+** or dgefa has set info .eq. 0 .
+**
+** to compute inverse(a) * c where c is a matrix
+** with p columns
+** dgeco(a,lda,n,ipvt,rcond,z)
+** if (!rcond is too small){
+** for (j=0,j<p,j++)
+** dgesl(a,lda,n,ipvt,c[j][0],0);
+** }
+**
+** linpack. this version dated 08/14/78 .
+** cleve moler, university of new mexico, argonne national lab.
+**
+** functions
+**
+** blas daxpy,ddot
+*/
+static void dgesl(REAL *a,int lda,int n,int *ipvt,REAL *b,int job,int roll)
+
+ {
+ REAL t;
+ int k,kb,l,nm1;
+
+ if (roll)
+ {
+ nm1 = n - 1;
+ if (job == 0)
+ {
+
+ /* job = 0 , solve a * x = b */
+ /* first solve l*y = b */
+
+ if (nm1 >= 1)
+ for (k = 0; k < nm1; k++)
+ {
+ l = ipvt[k];
+ t = b[l];
+ if (l != k)
+ {
+ b[l] = b[k];
+ b[k] = t;
+ }
+ daxpy_r(n-(k+1),t,&a[lda*k+k+1],1,&b[k+1],1);
+ }
+
+ /* now solve u*x = y */
+
+ for (kb = 0; kb < n; kb++)
+ {
+ k = n - (kb + 1);
+ b[k] = b[k]/a[lda*k+k];
+ t = -b[k];
+ daxpy_r(k,t,&a[lda*k+0],1,&b[0],1);
+ }
+ }
+ else
+ {
+
+ /* job = nonzero, solve trans(a) * x = b */
+ /* first solve trans(u)*y = b */
+
+ for (k = 0; k < n; k++)
+ {
+ t = ddot_r(k,&a[lda*k+0],1,&b[0],1);
+ b[k] = (b[k] - t)/a[lda*k+k];
+ }
+
+ /* now solve trans(l)*x = y */
+
+ if (nm1 >= 1)
+ for (kb = 1; kb < nm1; kb++)
+ {
+ k = n - (kb+1);
+ b[k] = b[k] + ddot_r(n-(k+1),&a[lda*k+k+1],1,&b[k+1],1);
+ l = ipvt[k];
+ if (l != k)
+ {
+ t = b[l];
+ b[l] = b[k];
+ b[k] = t;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ nm1 = n - 1;
+ if (job == 0)
+ {
+
+ /* job = 0 , solve a * x = b */
+ /* first solve l*y = b */
+
+ if (nm1 >= 1)
+ for (k = 0; k < nm1; k++)
+ {
+ l = ipvt[k];
+ t = b[l];
+ if (l != k)
+ {
+ b[l] = b[k];
+ b[k] = t;
+ }
+ daxpy_ur(n-(k+1),t,&a[lda*k+k+1],1,&b[k+1],1);
+ }
+
+ /* now solve u*x = y */
+
+ for (kb = 0; kb < n; kb++)
+ {
+ k = n - (kb + 1);
+ b[k] = b[k]/a[lda*k+k];
+ t = -b[k];
+ daxpy_ur(k,t,&a[lda*k+0],1,&b[0],1);
+ }
+ }
+ else
+ {
+
+ /* job = nonzero, solve trans(a) * x = b */
+ /* first solve trans(u)*y = b */
+
+ for (k = 0; k < n; k++)
+ {
+ t = ddot_ur(k,&a[lda*k+0],1,&b[0],1);
+ b[k] = (b[k] - t)/a[lda*k+k];
+ }
+
+ /* now solve trans(l)*x = y */
+
+ if (nm1 >= 1)
+ for (kb = 1; kb < nm1; kb++)
+ {
+ k = n - (kb+1);
+ b[k] = b[k] + ddot_ur(n-(k+1),&a[lda*k+k+1],1,&b[k+1],1);
+ l = ipvt[k];
+ if (l != k)
+ {
+ t = b[l];
+ b[l] = b[k];
+ b[k] = t;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+
+
+/*
+** Constant times a vector plus a vector.
+** Jack Dongarra, linpack, 3/11/78.
+** ROLLED version
+*/
+static void daxpy_r(int n,REAL da,REAL *dx,int incx,REAL *dy,int incy)
+
+ {
+ int i,ix,iy;
+
+ if (n <= 0)
+ return;
+ if (da == ZERO)
+ return;
+
+ if (incx != 1 || incy != 1)
+ {
+
+ /* code for unequal increments or equal increments != 1 */
+
+ ix = 1;
+ iy = 1;
+ if(incx < 0) ix = (-n+1)*incx + 1;
+ if(incy < 0)iy = (-n+1)*incy + 1;
+ for (i = 0;i < n; i++)
+ {
+ dy[iy] = dy[iy] + da*dx[ix];
+ ix = ix + incx;
+ iy = iy + incy;
+ }
+ return;
+ }
+
+ /* code for both increments equal to 1 */
+
+ for (i = 0;i < n; i++)
+ dy[i] = dy[i] + da*dx[i];
+ }
+
+
+/*
+** Forms the dot product of two vectors.
+** Jack Dongarra, linpack, 3/11/78.
+** ROLLED version
+*/
+static REAL ddot_r(int n,REAL *dx,int incx,REAL *dy,int incy)
+
+ {
+ REAL dtemp;
+ int i,ix,iy;
+
+ dtemp = ZERO;
+
+ if (n <= 0)
+ return(ZERO);
+
+ if (incx != 1 || incy != 1)
+ {
+
+ /* code for unequal increments or equal increments != 1 */
+
+ ix = 0;
+ iy = 0;
+ if (incx < 0) ix = (-n+1)*incx;
+ if (incy < 0) iy = (-n+1)*incy;
+ for (i = 0;i < n; i++)
+ {
+ dtemp = dtemp + dx[ix]*dy[iy];
+ ix = ix + incx;
+ iy = iy + incy;
+ }
+ return(dtemp);
+ }
+
+ /* code for both increments equal to 1 */
+
+ for (i=0;i < n; i++)
+ dtemp = dtemp + dx[i]*dy[i];
+ return(dtemp);
+ }
+
+
+/*
+** Scales a vector by a constant.
+** Jack Dongarra, linpack, 3/11/78.
+** ROLLED version
+*/
+static void dscal_r(int n,REAL da,REAL *dx,int incx)
+
+ {
+ int i,nincx;
+
+ if (n <= 0)
+ return;
+ if (incx != 1)
+ {
+
+ /* code for increment not equal to 1 */
+
+ nincx = n*incx;
+ for (i = 0; i < nincx; i = i + incx)
+ dx[i] = da*dx[i];
+ return;
+ }
+
+ /* code for increment equal to 1 */
+
+ for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+ dx[i] = da*dx[i];
+ }
+
+
+/*
+** constant times a vector plus a vector.
+** Jack Dongarra, linpack, 3/11/78.
+** UNROLLED version
+*/
+static void daxpy_ur(int n,REAL da,REAL *dx,int incx,REAL *dy,int incy)
+
+ {
+ int i,ix,iy,m;
+
+ if (n <= 0)
+ return;
+ if (da == ZERO)
+ return;
+
+ if (incx != 1 || incy != 1)
+ {
+
+ /* code for unequal increments or equal increments != 1 */
+
+ ix = 1;
+ iy = 1;
+ if(incx < 0) ix = (-n+1)*incx + 1;
+ if(incy < 0)iy = (-n+1)*incy + 1;
+ for (i = 0;i < n; i++)
+ {
+ dy[iy] = dy[iy] + da*dx[ix];
+ ix = ix + incx;
+ iy = iy + incy;
+ }
+ return;
+ }
+
+ /* code for both increments equal to 1 */
+
+ m = n % 4;
+ if ( m != 0)
+ {
+ for (i = 0; i < m; i++)
+ dy[i] = dy[i] + da*dx[i];
+ if (n < 4)
+ return;
+ }
+ for (i = m; i < n; i = i + 4)
+ {
+ dy[i] = dy[i] + da*dx[i];
+ dy[i+1] = dy[i+1] + da*dx[i+1];
+ dy[i+2] = dy[i+2] + da*dx[i+2];
+ dy[i+3] = dy[i+3] + da*dx[i+3];
+ }
+ }
+
+
+/*
+** Forms the dot product of two vectors.
+** Jack Dongarra, linpack, 3/11/78.
+** UNROLLED version
+*/
+static REAL ddot_ur(int n,REAL *dx,int incx,REAL *dy,int incy)
+
+ {
+ REAL dtemp;
+ int i,ix,iy,m;
+
+ dtemp = ZERO;
+
+ if (n <= 0)
+ return(ZERO);
+
+ if (incx != 1 || incy != 1)
+ {
+
+ /* code for unequal increments or equal increments != 1 */
+
+ ix = 0;
+ iy = 0;
+ if (incx < 0) ix = (-n+1)*incx;
+ if (incy < 0) iy = (-n+1)*incy;
+ for (i = 0;i < n; i++)
+ {
+ dtemp = dtemp + dx[ix]*dy[iy];
+ ix = ix + incx;
+ iy = iy + incy;
+ }
+ return(dtemp);
+ }
+
+ /* code for both increments equal to 1 */
+
+ m = n % 5;
+ if (m != 0)
+ {
+ for (i = 0; i < m; i++)
+ dtemp = dtemp + dx[i]*dy[i];
+ if (n < 5)
+ return(dtemp);
+ }
+ for (i = m; i < n; i = i + 5)
+ {
+ dtemp = dtemp + dx[i]*dy[i] +
+ dx[i+1]*dy[i+1] + dx[i+2]*dy[i+2] +
+ dx[i+3]*dy[i+3] + dx[i+4]*dy[i+4];
+ }
+ return(dtemp);
+ }
+
+
+/*
+** Scales a vector by a constant.
+** Jack Dongarra, linpack, 3/11/78.
+** UNROLLED version
+*/
+static void dscal_ur(int n,REAL da,REAL *dx,int incx)
+
+ {
+ int i,m,nincx;
+
+ if (n <= 0)
+ return;
+ if (incx != 1)
+ {
+
+ /* code for increment not equal to 1 */
+
+ nincx = n*incx;
+ for (i = 0; i < nincx; i = i + incx)
+ dx[i] = da*dx[i];
+ return;
+ }
+
+ /* code for increment equal to 1 */
+
+ m = n % 5;
+ if (m != 0)
+ {
+ for (i = 0; i < m; i++)
+ dx[i] = da*dx[i];
+ if (n < 5)
+ return;
+ }
+ for (i = m; i < n; i = i + 5)
+ {
+ dx[i] = da*dx[i];
+ dx[i+1] = da*dx[i+1];
+ dx[i+2] = da*dx[i+2];
+ dx[i+3] = da*dx[i+3];
+ dx[i+4] = da*dx[i+4];
+ }
+ }
+
+
+/*
+** Finds the index of element having max. absolute value.
+** Jack Dongarra, linpack, 3/11/78.
+*/
+static int idamax(int n,REAL *dx,int incx)
+
+ {
+ REAL dmax;
+ int i, ix, itemp;
+
+ if (n < 1)
+ return(-1);
+ if (n ==1 )
+ return(0);
+ if(incx != 1)
+ {
+
+ /* code for increment not equal to 1 */
+
+ ix = 1;
+ dmax = fabs((double)dx[0]);
+ ix = ix + incx;
+ for (i = 1; i < n; i++)
+ {
+ if(fabs((double)dx[ix]) > dmax)
+ {
+ itemp = i;
+ dmax = fabs((double)dx[ix]);
+ }
+ ix = ix + incx;
+ }
+ }
+ else
+ {
+
+ /* code for increment equal to 1 */
+
+ itemp = 0;
+ dmax = fabs((double)dx[0]);
+ for (i = 1; i < n; i++)
+ if(fabs((double)dx[i]) > dmax)
+ {
+ itemp = i;
+ dmax = fabs((double)dx[i]);
+ }
+ }
+ return (itemp);
+ }
+
+
+static REAL second(void)
+
+ {
+ return ((REAL)((REAL)clock()/(REAL)CLOCKS_PER_SEC));
+ }
+
+