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+
+Removed features
+================
+
+What follows is a record of recently removed, formerly deprecated
+features that serves as a record for users who have encountered
+trouble after a recent upgrade.
+
+System emulator command line arguments
+--------------------------------------
+
+``-hdachs`` (removed in 2.12)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The geometry defined by ``-hdachs c,h,s,t`` should now be specified via
+``-device ide-hd,drive=dr,cyls=c,heads=h,secs=s,bios-chs-trans=t``
+(together with ``-drive if=none,id=dr,...``).
+
+``-net channel`` (removed in 2.12)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+This option has been replaced by ``-net user,guestfwd=...``.
+
+``-net dump`` (removed in 2.12)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+``-net dump[,vlan=n][,file=filename][,len=maxlen]`` has been replaced by
+``-object filter-dump,id=id,netdev=dev[,file=filename][,maxlen=maxlen]``.
+Note that the new syntax works with netdev IDs instead of the old "vlan" hubs.
+
+``-no-kvm-pit`` (removed in 2.12)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+This was just a dummy option that has been ignored, since the in-kernel PIT
+cannot be disabled separately from the irqchip anymore. A similar effect
+(which also disables the KVM IOAPIC) can be obtained with
+``-M kernel_irqchip=split``.
+
+``-tdf`` (removed in 2.12)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+There is no replacement, the ``-tdf`` option has just been ignored since the
+behaviour that could be changed by this option in qemu-kvm is now the default
+when using the KVM PIT. It still can be requested explicitly using
+``-global kvm-pit.lost_tick_policy=delay``.
+
+``-drive secs=s``, ``-drive heads=h`` & ``-drive cyls=c`` (removed in 3.0)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The drive geometry should now be specified via
+``-device ...,drive=dr,cyls=c,heads=h,secs=s`` (together with
+``-drive if=none,id=dr,...``).
+
+``-drive serial=``, ``-drive trans=`` & ``-drive addr=`` (removed in 3.0)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Use ``-device ...,drive=dr,serial=r,bios-chs-trans=t,addr=a`` instead
+(together with ``-drive if=none,id=dr,...``).
+
+``-net ...,vlan=x`` (removed in 3.0)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The term "vlan" was very confusing for most users in this context (it's about
+specifying a hub ID, not about IEEE 802.1Q or something similar), so this
+has been removed. To connect one NIC frontend with a network backend, either
+use ``-nic ...`` (e.g. for on-board NICs) or use ``-netdev ...,id=n`` together
+with ``-device ...,netdev=n`` (for full control over pluggable NICs). To
+connect multiple NICs or network backends via a hub device (which is what
+vlan did), use ``-nic hubport,hubid=x,...`` or
+``-netdev hubport,id=n,hubid=x,...`` (with ``-device ...,netdev=n``) instead.
+
+``-no-kvm-irqchip`` (removed in 3.0)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Use ``-machine kernel_irqchip=off`` instead.
+
+``-no-kvm-pit-reinjection`` (removed in 3.0)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Use ``-global kvm-pit.lost_tick_policy=discard`` instead.
+
+``-balloon`` (removed in 3.1)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The ``-balloon virtio`` option has been replaced by ``-device virtio-balloon``.
+The ``-balloon none`` option was a no-op and has no replacement.
+
+``-bootp`` (removed in 3.1)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The ``-bootp /some/file`` argument is replaced by either
+``-netdev user,id=x,bootp=/some/file`` (for pluggable NICs, accompanied with
+``-device ...,netdev=x``), or ``-nic user,bootp=/some/file`` (for on-board NICs).
+The new syntax allows different settings to be provided per NIC.
+
+``-redir`` (removed in 3.1)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The ``-redir [tcp|udp]:hostport:[guestaddr]:guestport`` option is replaced
+by either ``-netdev
+user,id=x,hostfwd=[tcp|udp]:[hostaddr]:hostport-[guestaddr]:guestport``
+(for pluggable NICs, accompanied with ``-device ...,netdev=x``) or by the option
+``-nic user,hostfwd=[tcp|udp]:[hostaddr]:hostport-[guestaddr]:guestport``
+(for on-board NICs). The new syntax allows different settings to be provided
+per NIC.
+
+``-smb`` (removed in 3.1)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The ``-smb /some/dir`` argument is replaced by either
+``-netdev user,id=x,smb=/some/dir`` (for pluggable NICs, accompanied with
+``-device ...,netdev=x``), or ``-nic user,smb=/some/dir`` (for on-board NICs).
+The new syntax allows different settings to be provided per NIC.
+
+``-tftp`` (removed in 3.1)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The ``-tftp /some/dir`` argument is replaced by either
+``-netdev user,id=x,tftp=/some/dir`` (for pluggable NICs, accompanied with
+``-device ...,netdev=x``), or ``-nic user,tftp=/some/dir`` (for embedded NICs).
+The new syntax allows different settings to be provided per NIC.
+
+``-localtime`` (removed in 3.1)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Replaced by ``-rtc base=localtime``.
+
+``-nodefconfig`` (removed in 3.1)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Use ``-no-user-config`` instead.
+
+``-rtc-td-hack`` (removed in 3.1)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Use ``-rtc driftfix=slew`` instead.
+
+``-startdate`` (removed in 3.1)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Replaced by ``-rtc base=date``.
+
+``-vnc ...,tls=...``, ``-vnc ...,x509=...`` & ``-vnc ...,x509verify=...`` (removed in 3.1)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The "tls-creds" option should be used instead to point to a "tls-creds-x509"
+object created using "-object".
+
+``-mem-path`` fallback to RAM (removed in 5.0)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+If guest RAM allocation from file pointed by ``mem-path`` failed,
+QEMU was falling back to allocating from RAM, which might have resulted
+in unpredictable behavior since the backing file specified by the user
+as ignored. Currently, users are responsible for making sure the backing storage
+specified with ``-mem-path`` can actually provide the guest RAM configured with
+``-m`` and QEMU fails to start up if RAM allocation is unsuccessful.
+
+``-net ...,name=...`` (removed in 5.1)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The ``name`` parameter of the ``-net`` option was a synonym
+for the ``id`` parameter, which should now be used instead.
+
+``-numa node,mem=...`` (removed in 5.1)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The parameter ``mem`` of ``-numa node`` was used to assign a part of guest RAM
+to a NUMA node. But when using it, it's impossible to manage a specified RAM
+chunk on the host side (like bind it to a host node, setting bind policy, ...),
+so the guest ends up with the fake NUMA configuration with suboptiomal
+performance.
+However since 2014 there is an alternative way to assign RAM to a NUMA node
+using parameter ``memdev``, which does the same as ``mem`` and adds
+means to actually manage node RAM on the host side. Use parameter ``memdev``
+with *memory-backend-ram* backend as replacement for parameter ``mem``
+to achieve the same fake NUMA effect or a properly configured
+*memory-backend-file* backend to actually benefit from NUMA configuration.
+New machine versions (since 5.1) will not accept the option but it will still
+work with old machine types. User can check the QAPI schema to see if the legacy
+option is supported by looking at MachineInfo::numa-mem-supported property.
+
+``-numa`` node (without memory specified) (removed in 5.2)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Splitting RAM by default between NUMA nodes had the same issues as ``mem``
+parameter with the difference that the role of the user plays QEMU using
+implicit generic or board specific splitting rule.
+Use ``memdev`` with *memory-backend-ram* backend or ``mem`` (if
+it's supported by used machine type) to define mapping explicitly instead.
+Users of existing VMs, wishing to preserve the same RAM distribution, should
+configure it explicitly using ``-numa node,memdev`` options. Current RAM
+distribution can be retrieved using HMP command ``info numa`` and if separate
+memory devices (pc|nv-dimm) are present use ``info memory-device`` and subtract
+device memory from output of ``info numa``.
+
+``-smp`` (invalid topologies) (removed in 5.2)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+CPU topology properties should describe whole machine topology including
+possible CPUs.
+
+However, historically it was possible to start QEMU with an incorrect topology
+where *n* <= *sockets* * *cores* * *threads* < *maxcpus*,
+which could lead to an incorrect topology enumeration by the guest.
+Support for invalid topologies is removed, the user must ensure
+topologies described with -smp include all possible cpus, i.e.
+*sockets* * *cores* * *threads* = *maxcpus*.
+
+``-machine enforce-config-section=on|off`` (removed in 5.2)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The ``enforce-config-section`` property was replaced by the
+``-global migration.send-configuration={on|off}`` option.
+
+``-no-kvm`` (removed in 5.2)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The ``-no-kvm`` argument was a synonym for setting ``-machine accel=tcg``.
+
+``-realtime`` (removed in 6.0)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The ``-realtime mlock=on|off`` argument has been replaced by the
+``-overcommit mem-lock=on|off`` argument.
+
+``-show-cursor`` option (removed in 6.0)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Use ``-display sdl,show-cursor=on``, ``-display gtk,show-cursor=on``
+or ``-display default,show-cursor=on`` instead.
+
+``-tb-size`` option (removed in 6.0)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+QEMU 5.0 introduced an alternative syntax to specify the size of the translation
+block cache, ``-accel tcg,tb-size=``.
+
+``-usbdevice audio`` (removed in 6.0)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+This option lacked the possibility to specify an audio backend device.
+Use ``-device usb-audio`` now instead (and specify a corresponding USB
+host controller or ``-usb`` if necessary).
+
+``-vnc acl`` (removed in 6.0)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The ``acl`` option to the ``-vnc`` argument has been replaced
+by the ``tls-authz`` and ``sasl-authz`` options.
+
+``-mon ...,control=readline,pretty=on|off`` (removed in 6.0)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The ``pretty=on|off`` switch has no effect for HMP monitors and
+its use is rejected.
+
+``-drive file=json:{...{'driver':'file'}}`` (removed in 6.0)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The 'file' driver for drives is no longer appropriate for character or host
+devices and will only accept regular files (S_IFREG). The correct driver
+for these file types is 'host_cdrom' or 'host_device' as appropriate.
+
+Floppy controllers' drive properties (removed in 6.0)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Use ``-device floppy,...`` instead.  When configuring onboard floppy
+controllers
+::
+
+    -global isa-fdc.driveA=...
+    -global sysbus-fdc.driveA=...
+    -global SUNW,fdtwo.drive=...
+
+become
+::
+
+    -device floppy,unit=0,drive=...
+
+and
+::
+
+    -global isa-fdc.driveB=...
+    -global sysbus-fdc.driveB=...
+
+become
+::
+
+    -device floppy,unit=1,drive=...
+
+When plugging in a floppy controller
+::
+
+    -device isa-fdc,...,driveA=...
+
+becomes
+::
+
+    -device isa-fdc,...
+    -device floppy,unit=0,drive=...
+
+and
+::
+
+    -device isa-fdc,...,driveB=...
+
+becomes
+::
+
+    -device isa-fdc,...
+    -device floppy,unit=1,drive=...
+
+``-drive`` with bogus interface type (removed in 6.0)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Drives with interface types other than ``if=none`` are for onboard
+devices.  Drives the board doesn't pick up can no longer be used with
+-device.  Use ``if=none`` instead.
+
+``-usbdevice ccid`` (removed in 6.0)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+This option was undocumented and not used in the field.
+Use ``-device usb-ccid`` instead.
+
+RISC-V firmware not booted by default (removed in 5.1)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+QEMU 5.1 changes the default behaviour from ``-bios none`` to ``-bios default``
+for the RISC-V ``virt`` machine and ``sifive_u`` machine.
+
+QEMU Machine Protocol (QMP) commands
+------------------------------------
+
+``block-dirty-bitmap-add`` "autoload" parameter (removed in 4.2)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The "autoload" parameter has been ignored since 2.12.0. All bitmaps
+are automatically loaded from qcow2 images.
+
+``cpu-add`` (removed in 5.2)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Use ``device_add`` for hotplugging vCPUs instead of ``cpu-add``.  See
+documentation of ``query-hotpluggable-cpus`` for additional details.
+
+``change`` (removed in 6.0)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Use ``blockdev-change-medium`` or ``change-vnc-password`` instead.
+
+``query-events`` (removed in 6.0)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The ``query-events`` command has been superseded by the more powerful
+and accurate ``query-qmp-schema`` command.
+
+``migrate_set_cache_size`` and ``query-migrate-cache-size`` (removed in 6.0)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Use ``migrate_set_parameter`` and ``info migrate_parameters`` instead.
+
+``migrate_set_downtime`` and ``migrate_set_speed`` (removed in 6.0)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Use ``migrate_set_parameter`` instead.
+
+``query-cpus`` (removed in 6.0)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The ``query-cpus`` command is replaced by the ``query-cpus-fast`` command.
+
+``query-cpus-fast`` ``arch`` output member (removed in 6.0)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The ``arch`` output member of the ``query-cpus-fast`` command is
+replaced by the ``target`` output member.
+
+chardev client socket with ``wait`` option (removed in 6.0)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Character devices creating sockets in client mode should not specify
+the 'wait' field, which is only applicable to sockets in server mode
+
+``query-named-block-nodes`` result ``encryption_key_missing`` (removed in 6.0)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Removed with no replacement.
+
+``query-block`` result ``inserted.encryption_key_missing`` (removed in 6.0)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Removed with no replacement.
+
+``query-named-block-nodes`` and ``query-block`` result dirty-bitmaps[i].status (removed in 6.0)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The ``status`` field of the ``BlockDirtyInfo`` structure, returned by
+these commands is removed. Two new boolean fields, ``recording`` and
+``busy`` effectively replace it.
+
+``query-block`` result field ``dirty-bitmaps`` (removed in 6.0)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The ``dirty-bitmaps`` field of the ``BlockInfo`` structure, returned by
+the query-block command is itself now removed. The ``dirty-bitmaps``
+field of the ``BlockDeviceInfo`` struct should be used instead, which is the
+type of the ``inserted`` field in query-block replies, as well as the
+type of array items in query-named-block-nodes.
+
+``object-add`` option ``props`` (removed in 6.0)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Specify the properties for the object as top-level arguments instead.
+
+Human Monitor Protocol (HMP) commands
+-------------------------------------
+
+``usb_add`` and ``usb_remove`` (removed in 2.12)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Replaced by ``device_add`` and ``device_del`` (use ``device_add help`` for a
+list of available devices).
+
+``host_net_add`` and ``host_net_remove`` (removed in 2.12)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Replaced by ``netdev_add`` and ``netdev_del``.
+
+The ``hub_id`` parameter of ``hostfwd_add`` / ``hostfwd_remove`` (removed in 5.0)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The ``[hub_id name]`` parameter tuple of the 'hostfwd_add' and
+'hostfwd_remove' HMP commands has been replaced by ``netdev_id``.
+
+``cpu-add`` (removed in 5.2)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Use ``device_add`` for hotplugging vCPUs instead of ``cpu-add``.  See
+documentation of ``query-hotpluggable-cpus`` for additional details.
+
+``change vnc TARGET`` (removed in 6.0)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+No replacement.  The ``change vnc password`` and ``change DEVICE MEDIUM``
+commands are not affected.
+
+``acl_show``, ``acl_reset``, ``acl_policy``, ``acl_add``, ``acl_remove`` (removed in 6.0)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The ``acl_show``, ``acl_reset``, ``acl_policy``, ``acl_add``, and
+``acl_remove`` commands were removed with no replacement. Authorization
+for VNC should be performed using the pluggable QAuthZ objects.
+
+``migrate-set-cache-size`` and ``info migrate-cache-size`` (removed in 6.0)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Use ``migrate-set-parameters`` and ``info migrate-parameters`` instead.
+
+``migrate_set_downtime`` and ``migrate_set_speed`` (removed in 6.0)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Use ``migrate-set-parameters`` instead.
+
+``info cpustats`` (removed in 6.1)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+This command didn't produce any output already. Removed with no replacement.
+
+Guest Emulator ISAs
+-------------------
+
+RISC-V ISA privilege specification version 1.09.1 (removed in 5.1)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The RISC-V ISA privilege specification version 1.09.1 has been removed.
+QEMU supports both the newer version 1.10.0 and the ratified version 1.11.0, these
+should be used instead of the 1.09.1 version.
+
+System emulator CPUS
+--------------------
+
+KVM guest support on 32-bit Arm hosts (removed in 5.2)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The Linux kernel has dropped support for allowing 32-bit Arm systems
+to host KVM guests as of the 5.7 kernel. Accordingly, QEMU is deprecating
+its support for this configuration and will remove it in a future version.
+Running 32-bit guests on a 64-bit Arm host remains supported.
+
+RISC-V ISA Specific CPUs (removed in 5.1)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The RISC-V cpus with the ISA version in the CPU name have been removed. The
+four CPUs are: ``rv32gcsu-v1.9.1``, ``rv32gcsu-v1.10.0``, ``rv64gcsu-v1.9.1`` and
+``rv64gcsu-v1.10.0``. Instead the version can be specified via the CPU ``priv_spec``
+option when using the ``rv32`` or ``rv64`` CPUs.
+
+RISC-V no MMU CPUs (removed in 5.1)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The RISC-V no MMU cpus have been removed. The two CPUs: ``rv32imacu-nommu`` and
+``rv64imacu-nommu`` can no longer be used. Instead the MMU status can be specified
+via the CPU ``mmu`` option when using the ``rv32`` or ``rv64`` CPUs.
+
+``compat`` property of server class POWER CPUs (removed in 6.0)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The ``max-cpu-compat`` property of the ``pseries`` machine type should be used
+instead.
+
+``moxie`` CPU (removed in 6.1)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Nobody was using this CPU emulation in QEMU, and there were no test images
+available to make sure that the code is still working, so it has been removed
+without replacement.
+
+``lm32`` CPUs (removed in 6.1)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The only public user of this architecture was the milkymist project,
+which has been dead for years; there was never an upstream Linux
+port.  Removed without replacement.
+
+``unicore32`` CPUs (removed in 6.1)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Support for this CPU was removed from the upstream Linux kernel, and
+there is no available upstream toolchain to build binaries for it.
+Removed without replacement.
+
+System emulator machines
+------------------------
+
+``s390-virtio`` (removed in 2.6)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Use the ``s390-ccw-virtio`` machine instead.
+
+The m68k ``dummy`` machine (removed in 2.9)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Use the ``none`` machine with the ``loader`` device instead.
+
+``xlnx-ep108`` (removed in 3.0)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The EP108 was an early access development board that is no longer used.
+Use the ``xlnx-zcu102`` machine instead.
+
+``spike_v1.9.1`` and ``spike_v1.10`` (removed in 5.1)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The version specific Spike machines have been removed in favour of the
+generic ``spike`` machine. If you need to specify an older version of the RISC-V
+spec you can use the ``-cpu rv64gcsu,priv_spec=v1.10.0`` command line argument.
+
+mips ``r4k`` platform (removed in 5.2)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+This machine type was very old and unmaintained. Users should use the ``malta``
+machine type instead.
+
+mips ``fulong2e`` machine alias (removed in 6.0)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+This machine has been renamed ``fuloong2e``.
+
+``pc-0.10`` up to ``pc-1.3`` (removed in 4.0 up to 6.0)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+These machine types were very old and likely could not be used for live
+migration from old QEMU versions anymore. Use a newer machine type instead.
+
+Raspberry Pi ``raspi2`` and ``raspi3`` machines (removed in 6.2)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The Raspberry Pi machines come in various models (A, A+, B, B+). To be able
+to distinguish which model QEMU is implementing, the ``raspi2`` and ``raspi3``
+machines have been renamed ``raspi2b`` and ``raspi3b``.
+
+
+linux-user mode CPUs
+--------------------
+
+``tilegx`` CPUs (removed in 6.0)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The ``tilegx`` guest CPU support has been removed without replacement. It was
+only implemented in linux-user mode, but support for this CPU was removed from
+the upstream Linux kernel in 2018, and it has also been dropped from glibc, so
+there is no new Linux development taking place with this architecture. For
+running the old binaries, you can use older versions of QEMU.
+
+System emulator devices
+-----------------------
+
+``spapr-pci-vfio-host-bridge`` (removed in 2.12)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The ``spapr-pci-vfio-host-bridge`` device type has been replaced by the
+``spapr-pci-host-bridge`` device type.
+
+``ivshmem`` (removed in 4.0)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Replaced by either the ``ivshmem-plain`` or ``ivshmem-doorbell``.
+
+``ide-drive`` (removed in 6.0)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The 'ide-drive' device has been removed. Users should use 'ide-hd' or
+'ide-cd' as appropriate to get an IDE hard disk or CD-ROM as needed.
+
+``scsi-disk`` (removed in 6.0)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The 'scsi-disk' device has been removed. Users should use 'scsi-hd' or
+'scsi-cd' as appropriate to get a SCSI hard disk or CD-ROM as needed.
+
+Related binaries
+----------------
+
+``qemu-nbd --partition`` (removed in 5.0)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The ``qemu-nbd --partition $digit`` code (also spelled ``-P``)
+could only handle MBR partitions, and never correctly handled logical
+partitions beyond partition 5.  Exporting a partition can still be
+done by utilizing the ``--image-opts`` option with a raw blockdev
+using the ``offset`` and ``size`` parameters layered on top of
+any other existing blockdev. For example, if partition 1 is 100MiB
+long starting at 1MiB, the old command::
+
+  qemu-nbd -t -P 1 -f qcow2 file.qcow2
+
+can be rewritten as::
+
+  qemu-nbd -t --image-opts driver=raw,offset=1M,size=100M,file.driver=qcow2,file.file.driver=file,file.file.filename=file.qcow2
+
+``qemu-img convert -n -o`` (removed in 5.1)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+All options specified in ``-o`` are image creation options, so
+they are now rejected when used with ``-n`` to skip image creation.
+
+
+``qemu-img create -b bad file $size`` (removed in 5.1)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+When creating an image with a backing file that could not be opened,
+``qemu-img create`` used to issue a warning about the failure but
+proceed with the image creation if an explicit size was provided.
+However, as the ``-u`` option exists for this purpose, it is safer to
+enforce that any failure to open the backing image (including if the
+backing file is missing or an incorrect format was specified) is an
+error when ``-u`` is not used.
+
+``qemu-img amend`` to adjust backing file (removed in 6.1)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The use of ``qemu-img amend`` to modify the name or format of a qcow2
+backing image was never fully documented or tested, and interferes
+with other amend operations that need access to the original backing
+image (such as deciding whether a v3 zero cluster may be left
+unallocated when converting to a v2 image).  Any changes to the
+backing chain should be performed with ``qemu-img rebase -u`` either
+before or after the remaining changes being performed by amend, as
+appropriate.
+
+``qemu-img`` backing file without format (removed in 6.1)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The use of ``qemu-img create``, ``qemu-img rebase``, or ``qemu-img
+convert`` to create or modify an image that depends on a backing file
+now requires that an explicit backing format be provided.  This is
+for safety: if QEMU probes a different format than what you thought,
+the data presented to the guest will be corrupt; similarly, presenting
+a raw image to a guest allows a potential security exploit if a future
+probe sees a non-raw image based on guest writes.
+
+To avoid creating unsafe backing chains, you must pass ``-o
+backing_fmt=`` (or the shorthand ``-F`` during create) to specify the
+intended backing format.  You may use ``qemu-img rebase -u`` to
+retroactively add a backing format to an existing image.  However, be
+aware that there are already potential security risks to blindly using
+``qemu-img info`` to probe the format of an untrusted backing image,
+when deciding what format to add into an existing image.
+
+Block devices
+-------------
+
+VXHS backend (removed in 5.1)
+'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The VXHS code did not compile since v2.12.0. It was removed in 5.1.
+
+``sheepdog`` driver (removed in 6.0)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+The corresponding upstream server project is no longer maintained.
+Users are recommended to switch to an alternative distributed block
+device driver such as RBD.